Modern Programing with C++0x in VC10—VC 2010中语言和库的更新概要

看的是一个来自微软的视频教程，记录笔记如下：

Language and Library updates

C++0x and TR1

TR1 is the Technical Report 1, released in 2005; C++0x is the upcoming C++ standard; Some of each were added in VC9SP1, and more are now in VC10

Lambdas

Lambda expression or lambda function: an expression that specifies an anonymous function object(匿名的函数对象). Imagine handing an operation or function(code)  to some other operation or function. lambda的表面意义是：希腊语的第11个字母(Λλ)

Lambda can be used for generic work, a functional style, concurrency, readability(eliminate tiny functions).

   1: void print_square(int n) {

   2:     cout << n*n << endl;

   3: }

   4:  

   5: int main() {

   6:     vector<int> v;

   7:     v.push_back(0); 

   8:     v.push_back(1);

   9:     for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print_square);

  10: }

很显然，上面的print_square(int)是一个tiny function，还好print_square(int)就在main()上面，省去了查找的方便，不过如果在其他位置呢？而且，这样的一个function是否有必要。下面就使用lambda来修改它：将print_square(int)的代码转换为lambda，也就是一个匿名的函数对象。如下(看看可读性如何)

   1: int main() {

   2:     vector<int> v;

   3:     v.push_back(2); 

   4:     v.push_back(3);

   5:     for_each(v.begin(), v.end(),            

   6:         [](int n) { cout << n*n << endl;});    

   7:     //[]        --    Hi, I'm a lambda

   8:     //(int n)   --    parameters for the lambda to operate on

   9:     //{...}     --    main body(do something with the integer n)

  10:  

  11:     v.clear();

  12: }

auto

对于我们“无法说出”的类型，但是compiler知道，用auto告诉它让它自己去deduction。同时，有些类型比较“难写”，也让compiler帮助我们做吧。auto也可以和pointer、reference结合起来使用。

   1: //Automatic type deduction

   2: auto x = new HugeObject(42);

   3: //No more gnarly iterator declaration

   4: for (auto it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); ++it) 

   5: //Poaered by template argument deduction rules

   6: const auto* p = new foo;

   7: const auto& r = bar;

C++0x Standard Library in VC2010

   1: Revalue reference: 

   2:     vector reallocation, etc. exploits move semantics 

   3:     Perfect forwarding: make_shared
   
   
    
    (), etc 
   
   

   4:     std::move

   5:     unique_ptr 

   6: New member functions: cbegin(), cend(), etc

   7: New algorithms: copy_if(), is_sorted(), etc

   8: Code conversions: 
   
   

   9: Exception progagation: exception_ptr

  10: Diagnostics:
   
   

Smart pointers

shared_ptr arrved in VC9SP1 and in VC10: make_shared. unique_ptr looks like a shared_ptr without the sharing.

   1: //VC9 SP1

   2: shared_ptr
   
   
    
     sp(
    
    new T(args));
   
   

   3: shared_ptr
   
   
    
     sp(
    
    new T(args), del, alloc);
   
   

   4:  

   5: //VC10

   6: auto sp = make_shared
   
   
    
    (args);
   
   

   7: auto sp = allocate_shared
   
   
    
    (alloc, args);
   
   

   8:  

   9: //unique_ptr

  10: //Supersedes auto ptr, whici is noe deprecated

  11: //Lightweight and performant

  12: //    No reference counting overhead

  13: //Noncopyable but movable

  14: //Works just fine in containers

const iterators: cbegin and cend

   1: vector<int> v;

   2: for (auto it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); ++it) {

   3:     //it is vectotr
    
    
     
     ::iterator
    
    

   4: }

   5:  

   6: for (auto it = v.cbegin(); it != v.cend(); ++it) {

   7:     //it is vector
    
    
     
     ::const_iterator
    
    

   8: }