【Python刷题Leetcode】动态规划（爬楼梯/打家劫舍/最大字段和/找零钱/三角形/最长上升子序列/最小路径和/地牢游戏）

class Solution:
    # 递归法 超时了
    def climbStairs1(self, n: int) -> int:
        if n==1 or n==2:
            return n
        # 第1次爬1阶 共climbStairs1(n-1)；第1次爬2阶 共climbStairs1(n-2)；
        return self.climbStairs1(n-1)+self.climbStairs1(n-2)
    
    # 动态规划(dp)
    def climbStairs(self, n: int) -> int:
        dp = [0]*(n+3) # 最短是3个值 防止后面for循环越界
        dp[0],dp[1],dp[2]=0,1,2
        for i in range(3,n+1):
            dp[i]=dp[i-1]+dp[i-2]
        return dp[n]

 

class Solution:
    def rob(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
        if len(nums)==0:
            return 0
        if len(nums)==1:
            return nums[0]
        if len(nums)==2:
            return max(nums[0],nums[1])
        
        # len(nums) >=3
        dp = [0]*(len(nums))
        dp[0],dp[1]=nums[0],max(nums[0],nums[1])
        for i in range(2,len(nums)):
            dp[i]=max(dp[i-1], dp[i-2]+nums[i])
        return dp[-1]

 

class Solution:
    def maxSubArray(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
        dp = [0]*len(nums)
        dp[0] = nums[0]
        max_res = dp[0]
        for i in range(1, len(nums)):
            # 以nums[i]为结尾的结果
            dp[i]=max(dp[i-1]+nums[i], nums[i])
            if dp[i]>max_res:
                max_res = dp[i]
        return max_res

 

class Solution:
    def coinChange(self, coins: List[int], amount: int) -> int:
        
        # dp[i]是指的组成金额i所需的最少硬币数
        dp = [-1]*(amount+1)
        dp[0] = 0
        
        # 动态规划 从dp[1]开始递推
        for i in range(1,amount+1):
            # 内层循环coins
            for coin in coins:
                # 若i包含面值coin且i去掉coin后可达
                if i-coin>=0 and dp[i-coin]!=-1:
                    # dp[i] = min(dp[i-1],dp[i-2],dp[i-5]) + 1 其中1 2 5是面值
                    if dp[i]==-1 or dp[i-coin]+1<dp[i]:
                        dp[i]=dp[i-coin]+1
        
        return dp[amount]

 

 

class Solution:
    def minimumTotal(self, triangle: List[List[int]]) -> int:
        if not triangle:
            return 0
        # triangle就是dp 最后一行不变 从倒数第二行往上递推
        for i in range(1,len(triangle)):
            line = len(triangle)-1-i
            for j in range(len(triangle[line])):
                triangle[line][j]+=min(triangle[line+1][j],triangle[line+1][j+1])
        return triangle[0][0]

class Solution:
    def lengthOfLIS(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
        if len(nums)==0 or len(nums)==1:
            return len(nums)
        
        # dp[i]表示nums[i]为结尾的最长上升子序列长度 
        # dp[i+1] = max(dp[0],dp[1],..,dp[i])+1 其中max()里面对应的num都小于nums[i+1]
        dp = [1]*len(nums)
        res = 1

        for i in range(1, len(nums)):
            for j in range(0,i):
                if nums[i]>nums[j] and dp[j]+1>dp[i]:
                    dp[i]=dp[j]+1
                if dp[i]>res:
                    res=dp[i]
        return res

另一个算法：

class Solution:
    def minPathSum(self, grid: List[List[int]]) -> int:
        if not grid:
            return 0

        # 获取行和列
        m = len(grid)
        n = len(grid[0])
        
        # 初始化dp为全0 形状跟grid一样
        dp = []
        for i in range(m):
            tmp = []
            for j in range(n):
                tmp.append(0)
            dp.append(tmp)
        
        # 从左上到右下动态规划
        dp[0][0] = grid[0][0]

        # 初始化第0行
        for i in range(1,n):
            dp[0][i] = grid[0][i]+dp[0][i-1] # grid[0][i]只能从左边过来
        
        # 从第1行开始遍历
        for i in range(1,m):
            # 初始化第i行第0列
            dp[i][0] = grid[i][0]+dp[i-1][0]
            # 填其他列 要么从左边过来 要么从上边过来
            for j in range(1,n):
                dp[i][j]=min(dp[i-1][j],dp[i][j-1])+grid[i][j]
        
        return dp[m-1][n-1]

 

class Solution:
    def calculateMinimumHP(self, dungeon: List[List[int]]) -> int:
        if not dungeon:
            return 0

        # 获取行和列
        m = len(dungeon)
        n = len(dungeon[0])
        
        # 初始化dp为全0 形状跟dungeon一样
        dp = []
        for i in range(m):
            tmp = []
            for j in range(n):
                tmp.append(0)
            dp.append(tmp)

        # 初始化最后一个元素
        dp[m-1][n-1] = max(1, 1-dungeon[m-1][n-1])

        # 初始化最后一行0 ~ n-2 个元素
        for i in range(0,n-1):
            idx = n-2-i
            dp[m-1][idx] = max(1, dp[m-1][idx+1]-dungeon[m-1][idx])

        # 初始化最后一列0 ~ m-2 个元素
        for i in range(0,m-1):
            idx = m-2-i
            dp[idx][n-1] = max(1, dp[idx+1][n-1]-dungeon[idx][n-1])
        # print(dp)

        # 从倒数第2行开始往上遍历 遍历m-2 ~ 0 行, 每行遍历前n-2 ~ 0 列
        for i in range(0,m-1):
            row = m-2-i
            for j in range(0,n-1):
                col = n-2-j
                print(row,col)
                dp_min = min(dp[row+1][col],dp[row][col+1]) # 正下方 or 正右方
                dp[row][col]=max(1, dp_min-dungeon[row][col])
        
        # print(dp)

        return dp[0][0]