Android 蓝牙4.0详细

最近，随着智能穿戴式设备、智能医疗以及智能家居的普及，蓝牙开发在移动开中显得非常的重要。由于公司需要，研究了一下，蓝牙4.0在Android中的应用。

以下是我的一些总结。

1.先介绍一下关于蓝牙4.0中的一些名词吧：   
(1)、GATT(Gneric Attibute  Profile)

通过ble连接，读写属性类小数据Profile通用的规范。现在所有的ble应用Profile  都是基于GATT
(2)、ATT(Attribute Protocal)
GATT是基于ATT Potocal的ATT针对BLE设备专门做的具体就是传输过程中使用尽量少的数据，每个属性都有个唯一的UUID，属性chartcteristics and Service的形式传输。

(3)、Service是Characteristic的集合。
(4)、Characteristic 特征类型。

比如，有个蓝牙ble的血压计。他可能包括多个Servvice，每个Service有包括多个Characteristic

注意：蓝牙ble只能支持Android 4.3以上的系统 SDK>=18

2.以下是开发的步骤：
2.1首先获取BluetoothManager 

复制代码代码如下:

BluetoothManager bluetoothManager = (BluetoothManager) getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE);  

2.2获取BluetoothAdapter

复制代码代码如下:

BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter = bluetoothManager.getAdapter();  

2.3创建BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback

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private BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback mLeScanCallback = new BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback() {       @Override    public void onLeScan( final BluetoothDevice device, int rssi, final byte [] scanRecord) {        runOnUiThread( new Runnable() {      @Override      public void run() {       try {        String struuid = NumberUtils.bytes2HexString(NumberUtils.reverseBytes(scanRecord)).replace( "-" , "" ).toLowerCase();        if (device!= null && struuid.contains(DEVICE_UUID_PREFIX.toLowerCase())) {         mBluetoothDevices.add(device);        }       } catch (Exception e) {        e.printStackTrace();       }      }     });    }   };

2.4.开始搜索设备。

复制代码代码如下:

mBluetoothAdapter.startLeScan(mLeScanCallback);  

2.5.BluetoothDevice  描述了一个蓝牙设备 提供了getAddress()设备Mac地址,getName()设备的名称。
2.6开始连接设备

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/**   * Connects to the GATT server hosted on the Bluetooth LE device.   *   * @param address   *   The device address of the destination device.   *   * @return Return true if the connection is initiated successfully. The   *   connection result is reported asynchronously through the   *   {@code BluetoothGattCallback#onConnectionStateChange(android.bluetooth.BluetoothGatt, int, int)}   *   callback.   */ public boolean connect( final String address) {   if (mBluetoothAdapter == null || address == null ) {    Log.w(TAG, "BluetoothAdapter not initialized or unspecified address." );    return false ;   }     // Previously connected device. Try to reconnect. (先前连接的设备。 尝试重新连接)   if (mBluetoothDeviceAddress != null && address.equals(mBluetoothDeviceAddress) && mBluetoothGatt != null ) {    Log.d(TAG, "Trying to use an existing mBluetoothGatt for connection." );    if (mBluetoothGatt.connect()) {     mConnectionState = STATE_CONNECTING;     return true ;    } else {     return false ;    }   }     final BluetoothDevice device = mBluetoothAdapter.getRemoteDevice(address);   if (device == null ) {    Log.w(TAG, "Device not found. Unable to connect." );    return false ;   }   // We want to directly connect to the device, so we are setting the   // autoConnect   // parameter to false.   mBluetoothGatt = device.connectGatt( this , false , mGattCallback);   Log.d(TAG, "Trying to create a new connection." );   mBluetoothDeviceAddress = address;   mConnectionState = STATE_CONNECTING;   return true ; }

2.7连接到设备之后获取设备的服务(Service)和服务对应的Characteristic。

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// Demonstrates how to iterate through the supported GATT // Services/Characteristics. // In this sample, we populate the data structure that is bound to the // ExpandableListView // on the UI. private void displayGattServices(List<BluetoothGattService> gattServices) {   if (gattServices == null )    return ;   String uuid = null ;   ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattServiceData = new ArrayList<>();   ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>> gattCharacteristicData = new ArrayList<>();      mGattCharacteristics = new ArrayList<>();      // Loops through available GATT Services.   for (BluetoothGattService gattService : gattServices) {    HashMap<String, String> currentServiceData = new HashMap<>();    uuid = gattService.getUuid().toString();    if (uuid.contains( "ba11f08c-5f14-0b0d-1080" )) { //服务的uuid     //System.out.println("this gattService UUID is:" + gattService.getUuid().toString());     currentServiceData.put(LIST_NAME, "Service_OX100" );     currentServiceData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid);     gattServiceData.add(currentServiceData);     ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattCharacteristicGroupData = new ArrayList<>();     List<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> gattCharacteristics = gattService.getCharacteristics();     ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> charas = new ArrayList<>();        // Loops through available Characteristics.     for (BluetoothGattCharacteristic gattCharacteristic : gattCharacteristics) {      charas.add(gattCharacteristic);      HashMap<String, String> currentCharaData = new HashMap<>();      uuid = gattCharacteristic.getUuid().toString();      if (uuid.toLowerCase().contains( "cd01" )) {       currentCharaData.put(LIST_NAME, "cd01" );      } else if (uuid.toLowerCase().contains( "cd02" )) {       currentCharaData.put(LIST_NAME, "cd02" );      } else if (uuid.toLowerCase().contains( "cd03" )) {       currentCharaData.put(LIST_NAME, "cd03" );      } else if (uuid.toLowerCase().contains( "cd04" )) {       currentCharaData.put(LIST_NAME, "cd04" );      } else {       currentCharaData.put(LIST_NAME, "write" );      }         currentCharaData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid);      gattCharacteristicGroupData.add(currentCharaData);     }        mGattCharacteristics.add(charas);        gattCharacteristicData.add(gattCharacteristicGroupData);        mCharacteristicCD01 = gattService.getCharacteristic(UUID.fromString( "0000cd01-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb" ));     mCharacteristicCD02 = gattService.getCharacteristic(UUID.fromString( "0000cd02-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb" ));     mCharacteristicCD03 = gattService.getCharacteristic(UUID.fromString( "0000cd03-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb" ));     mCharacteristicCD04 = gattService.getCharacteristic(UUID.fromString( "0000cd04-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb" ));     mCharacteristicWrite = gattService.getCharacteristic(UUID.fromString( "0000cd20-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb" ));        //System.out.println("=======================Set Notification==========================");     // 开始顺序监听，第一个：CD01     mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(mCharacteristicCD01, true );     mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(mCharacteristicCD02, true );     mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(mCharacteristicCD03, true );     mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(mCharacteristicCD04, true );    }   } }

2.8获取到特征之后，找到服务中可以向下位机写指令的特征，向该特征写入指令。

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public void wirteCharacteristic(BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {       if (mBluetoothAdapter == null || mBluetoothGatt == null ) {     Log.w(TAG, "BluetoothAdapter not initialized" );     return ;    }       mBluetoothGatt.writeCharacteristic(characteristic);      }

2.9写入成功之后，开始读取设备返回来的数据。

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private final BluetoothGattCallback mGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback() {    @Override    public void onConnectionStateChange(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status, int newState) {     String intentAction;     //System.out.println("=======status:" + status);     if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED) {      intentAction = ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED;      mConnectionState = STATE_CONNECTED;      broadcastUpdate(intentAction);      Log.i(TAG, "Connected to GATT server." );      // Attempts to discover services after successful connection.      Log.i(TAG, "Attempting to start service discovery:" + mBluetoothGatt.discoverServices());        } else if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_DISCONNECTED) {      intentAction = ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED;      mConnectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED;      Log.i(TAG, "Disconnected from GATT server." );      broadcastUpdate(intentAction);     }    }       @Override    public void onServicesDiscovered(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status) {     if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {      broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED);     } else {      Log.w(TAG, "onServicesDiscovered received: " + status);     }    }    //从特征中读取数据    @Override    public void onCharacteristicRead(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) {     //System.out.println("onCharacteristicRead");     if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {      broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);     }    }    //向特征中写入数据    @Override    public void onCharacteristicWrite(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) {     //System.out.println("--------write success----- status:" + status);    }       /*     * when connected successfully will callback this method this method can     * dealwith send password or data analyze          *当连接成功将回调该方法     */    @Override    public void onCharacteristicChanged(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {     broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);     if (characteristic.getValue() != null ) {         //System.out.println(characteristic.getStringValue(0));     }     //System.out.println("--------onCharacteristicChanged-----");    }       @Override    public void onDescriptorWrite(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattDescriptor descriptor, int status) {        //System.out.println("onDescriptorWriteonDescriptorWrite = " + status + ", descriptor =" + descriptor.getUuid().toString());        UUID uuid = descriptor.getCharacteristic().getUuid();     if (uuid.equals(UUID.fromString( "0000cd01-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb" ))) {      broadcastUpdate(ACTION_CD01NOTIDIED);     } else if (uuid.equals(UUID.fromString( "0000cd02-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb" ))) {      broadcastUpdate(ACTION_CD02NOTIDIED);     } else if (uuid.equals(UUID.fromString( "0000cd03-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb" ))) {      broadcastUpdate(ACTION_CD03NOTIDIED);     } else if (uuid.equals(UUID.fromString( "0000cd04-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb" ))) {      broadcastUpdate(ACTION_CD04NOTIDIED);     }    }       @Override    public void onReadRemoteRssi(BluetoothGatt gatt, int rssi, int status) {     //System.out.println("rssi = " + rssi);    }   };       ----------------------------------------------    //从特征中读取数据    @Override    public void onCharacteristicRead(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) {     //System.out.println("onCharacteristicRead");     if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {      broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);     }    }

2.10、断开连接

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/**    * Disconnects an existing connection or cancel a pending connection. The    * disconnection result is reported asynchronously through the    * {@code BluetoothGattCallback#onConnectionStateChange(android.bluetooth.BluetoothGatt, int, int)}    * callback.    */   public void disconnect() {    if (mBluetoothAdapter == null || mBluetoothGatt == null ) {     Log.w(TAG, "BluetoothAdapter not initialized" );     return ;    }    mBluetoothGatt.disconnect();   }

2.11、数据的转换方法

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// byte转十六进制字符串   public static String bytes2HexString( byte [] bytes) {    String ret = "" ;    for ( byte aByte : bytes) {     String hex = Integer.toHexString(aByte & 0xFF );     if (hex.length() == 1 ) {      hex = '0' + hex;     }     ret += hex.toUpperCase(Locale.CHINA);    }    return ret;   }

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/**    * 将16进制的字符串转换为字节数组    *    * @param message    * @return 字节数组    */   public static byte [] getHexBytes(String message) {    int len = message.length() / 2 ;    char [] chars = message.toCharArray();    String[] hexStr = new String[len];    byte [] bytes = new byte [len];    for ( int i = 0 , j = 0 ; j < len; i += 2 , j++) {     hexStr[j] = "" + chars[i] + chars[i + 1 ];     bytes[j] = ( byte ) Integer.parseInt(hexStr[j], 16 );    }    return bytes;   }

大概整体就是如上的步骤，但是也是要具体根据厂家的协议来实现通信的过程。

就拿一个我们项目中的demo说一下。
一个蓝牙ble的血压计。 上位机---手机  下位机 -- 血压计
1.血压计与手机连接蓝牙之后。
2.上位机主动向下位机发送一个身份验证指令，下位机收到指令后开始给上位做应答，
3.应答成功，下位机会将测量的血压数据传送到上位机。
4.最后断开连接。