C99的restrict关键词

'Restrict' Pointers

One of the new features in the recently approved C standard C99, is the restrict pointer qualifier. This qualifier can be applied to a data pointer to indicate that, during the scope of that pointer declaration, all data accessed through it will be accessed only through that pointer but not through any other pointer. The 'restrict' keyword thus enables the compiler to perform certain optimizations based on the premise that a given object cannot be changed through another pointer. Now you're probably asking yourself, "doesn't const already guarantee that?" No, it doesn't. The qualifier const ensures that a variable cannot be changed through a particular pointer. However, it's still possible to change the variable through a different pointer. For example:

 

  void f (const int* pci, int *pi;); // is *pci immutable?
  {
    (*pi)+=1; // not necessarily: n is incremented by 1
     *pi = (*pci) + 2; // n is incremented by 2
  }
  int n;
  f( &n, &n);

In this example, both pci and pi point to the same variable, n. You can't change n's value through pci but you can change it using pi. Therefore, the compiler isn't allowed to optimize memory access for *pci by preloading n's value. In this example, the compiler indeed shouldn't preload n because its value changes three times during the execution of f(). However, there are situations in which a variable is accessed only through a single pointer. For example:

 

 FILE *fopen(const char * filename, const char * mode);

The name of the file and its open mode are accessed through unique pointers in fopen(). Therefore, it's possible to preload the values to which the pointers are bound. Indeed, the C99 standard revised the prototype of the function fopen() to the following:

 

  /* new declaration of fopen() in <stdio.h> */
  FILE *fopen(const char * restrict filename, const char * restrict mode);

Similar changes were applied to the entire standard C library: printf(), strcpy() and many other functions now take restrict pointers:

 

 int printf(const char * restrict format, ...);
  char *strcpy(char * restrict s1, const char * restrict s2);

C++ doesn't support restrict yet. However, since many C++ compilers are also C compilers, it's likely that this feature will be added to most C++ compilers too.

例如：

<span style="font-size:14px;">int ar[10];
int * restrict restar = (int *) malloc(10 * sizeof(int));
int * par = ar;
for (n = 0; n < 10; n++){
      par[n] += 5;
      restar[n] += 5;
      ar[n] *= 2;
      par[n] += 3;
      restar[n] += 3;
}
</span>

因为restar是访问分配的内存的唯一且初始的方式，那么编译器可以将上述对restar的操作进行优化：

restar[n]+=8;

而par并不是访问数组ar的唯一方式，因此并不能进行下面的优化：
par[n]+=8;

因为在par[n]+=3前，ar[n]*=2进行了改变。
使用了关键字restrict，编译器就可以放心地进行优化了。

关键字restrict有两个读者。
一个是编译器，它告诉编译器可以自由地做一些有关优化的假定。
另一个读者是用户，他告诉用户仅使用满足restrict要求的参数。