C/C++程序编译成可执行程序步骤图文源码详解

最新推荐文章于 2024-02-23 16:01:53 发布

VIP文章三公子Tjq

最新推荐文章于 2024-02-23 16:01:53 发布

阅读量3.7k

点赞数 6

分类专栏： C++应用积累 Linux积累文章标签： c++ 编译链接生成可执行程序

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/naibozhuan3744/article/details/119961547

版权

一个C++程序被编译为目标程序的过程中经历了四个部分，分别是预处理、编译、汇编、链接。

下面将通过一个简单的C++代码分别执行预处理、编译、汇编、链接四个步骤后的结果和基本原理讲解。

注意：博主是在ubuntu20.0下编译和运行，g++版本是9.3.0

一、一个简单的C++代码

下面是一段简单的C++代码

Test1.h

#ifndef TEST1_H_
#define TEST1_H_

struct Test1
{
    Test1();
    int getVar() const;

private:
    int var;
};

#endif /* TEST1_H_ */

Test1.cpp

#include "Test1.h"

Test1::Test1()
 : var(100)
{
}

int Test1::getVar() const
{
    return var;
}

main.cpp

#include "Test1.h"

int main() {
    Test1{}.getVar();

    return 0;
}

1.1预处理

预处理主要对Test1.cpp、main.cpp和相关的头文件进行预编译成一个Test1.ii、main.ii文件。该步骤主要操作是对一些宏进行替换以及一些#include包含的头文件进行替换。下面是在ubuntu20.0下通过g++ -E命令生成预处理后的文件（注意：一般c++预处理后文件格式为*.ii，C语言是*.i）

g++ -E main.cpp -o main.ii

文件main.ii

# 1 "main.cpp"
# 1 "<built-in>"
# 1 "<command-line>"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4
# 1 "<command-line>" 2
# 1 "main.cpp"
# 1 "Test1.h" 1

struct Test1
{
    Test1();
    int getVar() const;

private:
    int var;
};
# 2 "main.cpp" 2

int main() {
    Test1{}.getVar();

    return 0;
}

g++ -E Test1.cpp -o Test1.ii

文件Test1.ii

# 1 "Test1.cpp"
# 1 "<built-in>"
# 1 "<command-line>"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4
# 1 "<command-line>" 2
# 1 "Test1.cpp"
# 1 "Test1.h" 1

struct Test1
{
    Test1();
    int getVar() const;

private:
    int var;
};
# 2 "Test1.cpp" 2

Test1::Test1()
 : var(100)
{
}

int Test1::getVar() const
{
    return var;
}

由上面的Test1.ii和main.ii两个文件可以看出，进过预处理后*.ii文件不包含任何宏定义，因为所有宏已经被展开，并且包含的文件也已经被插入到main.ii文件中。

1.1.1预处理阶段功能总结

预编译过程主要处理那些源代码文件中的以“#”开始的预编译指令。比如“#include”、“#define”等，处理规则如下：

将所有的“#define”删除，并且展开所有的宏定义
处理所有条件预编译指令，比如“#if”、“#ifdef”、“#elif”、“#else”、“#endif”
处理“#include”预编译指令，将被包含的文件插入到该预编译指令的位置。注意，这个过程是递归进行的，也就是说被包含的文件可能还包含其它文件
删除所有的注释“//”和“/* */”
添加行号和文件名标识，比如：“ # 1 "Test1.h" 1 ”，以便编译时编译器产生调试用的行号信息及用于编译时产生编译错误或警告时能够显示行号
保留所有的#pragma编译器指令，因为编译器需要使用它们

1.2编译

编译就是对预处理完后的文件进行一系列词法分析、语法分析、语义分析及优化后生成相关的汇编代码文件。

一般将预处理和汇编合并成一个步骤，linux下使用一个cc1plus来完成这两个步骤。

下面是用编译生成main.s文件命令

g++ -S main.ii -o main.s

main.s

	.file	"main.cpp"
	.text
	.globl	main
	.type	main, @function
main:
.LFB0:
	.cfi_startproc
	endbr64
	pushq	%rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
	.cfi_offset 6, -16
	movq	%rsp, %rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_register 6
	subq	$16, %rsp
	movq	%fs:40, %rax
	movq	%rax, -8(%rbp)
	xorl	%eax, %eax
	leaq	-12(%rbp), %rax
	movq	%rax, %rdi
	call	_ZN5Test1C1Ev@PLT
	leaq	-12(%rbp), %rax
	movq	%rax, %rdi
	call	_ZNK5Test16getVarEv@PLT
	movl	$0, %eax
	movq	-8(%rbp), %rdx
	xorq	%fs:40, %rdx
	je	.L3
	call	__stack_chk_fail@PLT
.L3:
	leave
	.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
	ret
	.cfi_endproc
.LFE0:
	.size	main, .-main
	.ident	"GCC: (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) 9.3.0"
	.section	.note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
	.section	.note.gnu.property,"a"
	.align 8
	.long	 1f - 0f
	.long	 4f - 1f
	.long	 5
0:
	.string	 "GNU"
1:
	.align 8
	.long	 0xc0000002
	.long	 3f - 2f
2:
	.long	 0x3
3:
	.align 8
4:

Test1.s

g++ -S Test1.ii -o Test1.s

	.file	"Test1.cpp"
	.text
	.align 2
	.globl	_ZN5Test1C2Ev
	.type	_ZN5Test1C2Ev, @function
_ZN5Test1C2Ev:
.LFB1:
	.cfi_startproc
	endbr64
	pushq	%rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
	.cfi_offset 6, -16
	movq	%rsp, %rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_register 6
	movq	%rdi, -8(%rbp)
	movq	-8(%rbp), %rax
	movl	$100, (%rax)
	nop
	popq	%rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
	ret
	.cfi_endproc
.LFE1:
	.size	_ZN5Test1C2Ev, .-_ZN5Test1C2Ev
	.globl	_ZN5Test1C1Ev
	.set	_ZN5Test1C1Ev,_ZN5Test1C2Ev
	.align 2
	.globl	_ZNK5Test16getVarEv
	.type	_ZNK5Test16getVarEv, @function
_ZNK5Test16getVarEv:
.LFB3:
	.cfi_startproc
	endbr64
	pushq	%rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
	.cfi_offset 6, -16
	movq	%rsp, %rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_register 6
	movq	%rdi, -8(%rbp)
	movq	-8(%rbp), %rax
	movl	(%rax), %eax
	popq	%rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
	ret
	.cfi_endproc
.LFE3:
	.size	_ZNK5Test16getVarEv, .-_ZNK5Test16getVarEv
	.ident	"GCC: (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) 9.3.0"
	.section	.note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
	.section	.note.gnu.property,"a"
	.align 8
	.long	 1f - 0f
	.long	 4f - 1f
	.long	 5
0:
	.string	 "GNU"
1:
	.align 8
	.long	 0xc0000002
	.long	 3f - 2f
2:
	.long	 0x3
3:
	.align 8
4:

1.2.1编译总结

由上面main.s和Test1.s两个汇编代码文件可知，编译阶段生成的是汇编代码文件。g++本质上只是后台程序的包装，根据不同参数（-E、-S、-c）要求调用预处理编译程序cc1plus、汇编器as、连接器ld。

1.3汇编

汇编器将汇编代码转化为机器可以识别和执行的指令（二进制代码），每条汇编语句几乎都对应一条机器指令。

main.o的16进制代码分析可参考这篇博客：小湿妹问沃什么是可执行程序？（全网最简洁，必看，错过后悔终生！！！）

下面是生成目标文件main.o指令

g++ -c main.s -o main.o

#或者下面命令as
# $as main.s -o main.o

main.o文件

tjq@ubuntu:~/eclipse-workspace/Test1/src$ hexdump main.o -C
00000000  7f 45 4c 46 02 01 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.ELF............|
00000010  01 00 3e 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |..>.............|
00000020  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  e0 02 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000030  00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00  00 00 40 00 0c 00 0b 00  |....@.....@.....|
00000040  55 48 89 e5 48 83 ec 10  48 8d 45 fc 48 89 c7 e8  |UH..H...H.E.H...|
00000050  00 00 00 00 48 8d 45 fc  48 89 c7 e8 00 00 00 00  |....H.E.H.......|
00000060  b8 00 00 00 00 c9 c3 00  47 43 43 3a 20 28 55 62  |........GCC: (Ub|
00000070  75 6e 74 75 20 39 2e 33  2e 30 2d 31 37 75 62 75  |untu 9.3.0-17ubu|
00000080  6e 74 75 31 7e 32 30 2e  30 34 29 20 39 2e 33 2e  |ntu1~20.04) 9.3.|
00000090  30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |0...............|
000000a0  01 7a 52 00 01 78 10 01  1b 0c 07 08 90 01 00 00  |.zR..x..........|
000000b0  1c 00 00 00 1c 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 27 00 00 00  |............'...|
000000c0  00 41 0e 10 86 02 43 0d  06 62 0c 07 08 00 00 00  |.A....C..b......|
000000d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000000e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 04 00 f1 ff  |................|
000000f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000100  00 00 00 00 03 00 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000110  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 03 00 03 00  |................|
00000120  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000130  00 00 00 00 03 00 04 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000140  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 03 00 06 00  |................|
00000150  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000160  00 00 00 00 03 00 07 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000170  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 03 00 05 00  |................|
00000180  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000190  0a 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000001a0  27 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  0f 00 00 00 10 00 00 00  |'...............|
000001b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000001c0  25 00 00 00 10 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |%...............|
000001d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  33 00 00 00 10 00 00 00  |........3.......|
000001e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000001f0  00 6d 61 69 6e 2e 63 70  70 00 6d 61 69 6e 00 5f  |.main.cpp.main._|
00000200  47 4c 4f 42 41 4c 5f 4f  46 46 53 45 54 5f 54 41  |GLOBAL_OFFSET_TA|
00000210  42 4c 45 5f 00 5f 5a 4e  35 54 65 73 74 31 43 31  |BLE_._ZN5Test1C1|
00000220  45 76 00 5f 5a 4e 4b 35  54 65 73 74 31 36 67 65  |Ev._ZNK5Test16ge|
00000230  74 56 61 72 45 76 00 00  10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |tVarEv..........|
00000240  04 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00  fc ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  |................|
00000250  1c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 00 00 0b 00 00 00  |................|
00000260  fc ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........ .......|
00000270  02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000280  00 2e 73 79 6d 74 61 62  00 2e 73 74 72 74 61 62  |..symtab..strtab|
00000290  00 2e 73 68 73 74 72 74  61 62 00 2e 72 65 6c 61  |..shstrtab..rela|
000002a0  2e 74 65 78 74 00 2e 64  61 74 61 00 2e 62 73 73  |.text..data..bss|
000002b0  00 2e 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e  74 00 2e 6e 6f 74 65 2e  |..comment..note.|
000002c0  47 4e 55 2d 73 74 61 63  6b 00 2e 72 65 6c 61 2e  |GNU-stack..rela.|
000002d0  65 68 5f 66 72 61 6d 65  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |eh_frame........|
000002e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
00000320  20 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  | ...............|
00000330  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........@.......|
00000340  27 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |'...............|
00000350  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000360  1b 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........@.......|
00000370  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  38 02 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........8.......|
00000380  30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  09 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |0...............|
00000390  08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  18 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000003a0  26 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |&...............|
000003b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  67 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........g.......|
000003c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........

最低0.47元/天解锁文章

三公子Tjq

关注

6
点赞
踩
20

收藏

觉得还不错? 一键收藏
打赏
0
评论
C/C++程序编译成可执行程序步骤图文源码详解

一个C++程序被编译为目标程序的过程中经历了四个部分，分别是预处理、编译、汇编、链接。下面将通过一个简单的C++代码分别执行预处理、编译、汇编、链接四个步骤后的结果和基本原理讲解。注意：博主是在ubuntu20.0下编译和运行，g++版本是9.3.0一、一个简单的C++代码下面是一段简单的C++代码Test1.h#ifndef TEST1_H_#define TEST1_H_struct Test1{ Test1(); int getVar() co
复制链接

扫一扫