MySQL - MySQL 8.0(七)备份：使用普通文件进行备份

此学习文是基于MySQL 8.0写的
得益于大神朋友的悉心指导解决不少坑，才写出此文，向大神奉上膝盖

  这是一种物理备份方法，可以通过直接复制数据目录中的文件来进行备份。由于在复制文件时写入了新数据，因此备份将不一致并且无法使用。为了避免这种情况，必须先关闭MySQL，复制文件，然后启动MySQL。此方法不适用于每日备份，但非常适合在维护时段进行升级或降级时使用，或者在进行主机交换时使用。

1. 关闭MySQL服务器

# nangy @ nangy-vm in ~ [10:18:36] 
$ sudo service mysql stop

# nangy @ nangy-vm in ~ [10:34:14] 
$ sudo service mysql status
● mysql.service - MySQL Community Server
   Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: "inactive (dead)" since Wed 2019-08-14 10:34:14 CST; 6s ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
  Process: 1592 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 1134 ExecStartPre=/usr/share/mysql-8.0/mysql-systemd-start pre (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 1592 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Status: "Server shutdown complete"

8月 14 07:57:39 nangy-vm systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Community Server...
8月 14 07:57:41 nangy-vm systemd[1]: Started MySQL Community Server.
8月 14 10:34:12 nangy-vm systemd[1]: Stopping MySQL Community Server...
8月 14 10:34:14 nangy-vm systemd[1]: Stopped MySQL Community Server.

2. 将文件复制到备份目录中

# 本地备份
# nangy @ nangy-vm in ~ [10:34:24]
$ sudo rsync -av /data/mysql /data/backups/file_backup

# 远程备份
# nangy @ nangy-vm in ~ [10:34:24]
$ rsync -e ssh -az /data/mysql backup_user@remote_server:/data/backups/file_backup

3. 启动MySQL服务器

# nangy @ nangy-vm in ~ [10:37:24]
$ sudo service mysql start                            

# nangy @ nangy-vm in ~ [10:39:53] 
$ sudo service mysql status         
● mysql.service - MySQL Community Server
   Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: "active (running)" since Wed 2019-08-14 10:39:53 CST; 9s ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
  Process: 12374 ExecStartPre=/usr/share/mysql-8.0/mysql-systemd-start pre (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 12410 (mysqld)
   Status: "Server is operational"
    Tasks: 39 (limit: 19660)
   CGroup: /system.slice/mysql.service
           └─12410 /usr/sbin/mysqld

8月 14 10:39:52 nangy-vm systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Community Server...
8月 14 10:39:53 nangy-vm systemd[1]: Started MySQL Community Server.