R Programming Note 1

1. Input and Evaluation

assign: x<-1 x<-0:6

comment: # x

print: print(x)

2. Objects and Attributes

objects:

- character

- numeric

- integer

- complex

- logical

vector- objects of same classes: x <- c(0.5, 0.6) x <- vector('numeric', 10)  as.logical(x)

#mixing objects will be automatically changed

list- objects of different classes: x <- list(1, "a", TRUE, 1+4i)

Numbers:

-L: integer

-Inf : Infinite

-NaN: undefined

R objects have attributes

3. Matrices

Vectors with a dimension attribute

m <- matrix(nrow = 2, ncol =3)

m <- matrix(1:6, nrow = 2, ncol =3)

m<-1:10 dim(m) <- c(2,5)

x <- 1:3 y <- 10:12

cbind(x,y)

rbind(x,y)

4. Factors

Represent categorical data(can be unordered or ordered)

Like each integer has a label

x <- factor(c('x','y','x', 'y', 'x')

x <- factor(c("yes","yes","no"), levels =c("yes","no"))

5. Missing Values

is.na()

is.nan()

NaN is also NA but the converse is not true

6. Data Frames

List with dimension

Tabular data

Has row.names

read.table(), read.csv()

data.matrix()

x <- data.frame(foo=1:4, bar=c(T,T,F,F))

7. Names Attributes

Assign name attributes to the value