neco的博客

本手册页内容摘自GNU C编译器的完整文档,仅限于解释选项的含义. 除非有人自愿维护,否则本手册页不再更新.如果发现手册页和软件之间有所矛盾,请查对Info文件, Info文件是权威文档. 如果我们发觉本手册页的内容由于过时而导致明显的混乱和抱怨时,我们就停止发布它.不可能有其他选择,象更新Info文件同时更新man手册,因为其他维护GNU CC的工作没有留给我们时间做这个. GNU工程认为man手册是过时产物,应该把时间用到别的地方. 如果需要完整和最新的文档,请查阅Info文件`gcc'或Using and Porting GNU CC (for version 2.0) (使用和移植GNU CC 2.0) 手册.二者均来自Texinfo原文件 gcc.

Documentation pages and tutorials describing specifics about the different features of the C++ language. C++ Language Tutorial: Collection of tutorials covering all the features of this versatile and powerful language. Including detailed explanations of pointers, functions, classes and templates, among others... more...

it --- The stupid content tracker, 傻瓜内容跟踪器。Linus 是这样给我们介绍 Git 的。 Git 是用于 Linux 内核开发的版本控制工具。与常用的版本控制工具 CVS, Subversion 等不同， 它采用了分布式版本库的方式，不必服务器端软件支持，使源代码的发布和交流极其方便。 Git 的速度很快，这对于诸如 Linux kernel 这样的大项目来说自然很重要。 Git 最为出色的是它的合并跟踪（merge tracing）能力。

对称算法使用一个密钥。给定一个明文和一个密钥，加密产生密文，其长度和明文大致相同。解密时，使用读密钥与加密密钥相同。 对称算法主要有四种加密模式： (1) 电子密码本模式 Electronic Code Book(ECB) 这种模式是最早采用和最简单的模式，它将加密的数据分成若干组，每组的大小跟加密密钥长度相同，然后每组都用相同的密钥进行加密。 其缺点是：电子编码薄模式用一个密钥加密消息的所有块，如果原消息中重复明文块，则加密消息中的相应密文块也会重复，因此，电子编码薄模式适于加密小消息。 （2）加密块链模式 Cipher Block Chaining(CBC) CBC模式的加密首先也是将明文分成固定长度的块，然后将前面一个加密块输出的密文与下一个要加密的明文块进行异或操作，将计算结果再用密钥进行加密得到密文。第一明文块加密的时候，因为前面没有加密的密文，所以需要一个初始化向量。跟ECB方式不一样，通过连接关系，使得密文跟明文不再是一一对应的关系，破解起来更困难，而且克服了只要简单调换密文块可能达到目的的攻击。

Copyright ii Preface xiii Organization of this Book xiv Additional Sources of Information xv Conventions Used in this Book xvi Acknowledgments xvii Part I: The Linux Kernel 1 Chapter 1. Motivation 3 Section 1.1. The Linux Operating System 4 Section 1.2. What is Linux? 5 Section 1.3. Reasons for Using Linux 6 Chapter 2. The Kernel Structure 9 Section 2.1. Monolithic Architectures and Microkernels 11 Section 2.2. Activities in the Linux Kernel 12 Section 2.3. Locking—Atomic Operations 17 Section 2.4. Kernel Modules 23 Section 2.5. Device Drivers 29 Section 2.6. Memory Management in the Kernel 31 Section 2.7. Timing in the Linux Kernel 35 Section 2.8. The Proc File System 40 Section 2.9. Versioning 43 Part II: Architecture of Network Implementation 45 Chapter 3. The Architecture of Communication Systems 47 Section 3.1. Layer-Based Communication Models 47 Section 3.2. Services and Protocols 52 Chapter 4. Managing Network Packets in the Kernel 55 Section 4.1. Socket Buffers 55 Section 4.2. Socket-Buffer Queues 66 Chapter 5. Network Devices 71 Section 5.1. The net_device Interface 73 Section 5.2. Managing Network Devices 82 Section 5.3. Network Drivers 92 Part III: Layer I + II—Medium Access and Logical Link Layer 115 Chapter 6. Introduction to the Data-Link Layer 117 Section 6.1. Structure of the Data-Link Layer 117 Section 6.2. Processes on the Data-Link Layer 119 Section 6.3. Managing Layer-3 Protocols 127 Chapter 7. The Serial-Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) 132 Section 7.1. Introduction 132 Section 7.2. Slip Implementation in the Linux Kernel 134 Chapter 8. The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 145 Section 8.1. Introduction 145 Section 8.2. PPP Configuration in Linux 148 Section 8.3. PPP Implementation in the Linux Kernel 150 Section 8.4. Implementing the PPP Daemon 158 Chapter 9. PPP over Ethernet 161 Section 9.1. Introduction 161 Section 9.2. PPPOE Specification in RFC 2516 161 Section 9.3. Implementation in the User Space 163 Section 9.4. Implementation in the Linux Kernel 164 Chapter 10. Asynchronous Transfer Mode—ATM 168 Section 10.1. Introduction 168 Section 10.2. Implementing ATM in Linux 169 Section 10.3. Configuration 177 Chapter 11. Bluetooth in Linux 179 Section 11.1. Host Controller Interface (HCI) 181 Section 11.2. L2CAP 185 Section 11.3. Other Protocols 188 Chapter 12. Transparent Bridges 189 Section 12.1. Introduction 189 Section 12.2. Basics 190 Section 12.3. Configuring a Bridge in Linux 199 Section 12.4. Implementation 202 Part IV: Network Layer 221 Chapter 13. The TCP/IP Protocols 223 Section 13.1. The Internet Protocol Suite 224 Chapter 14. The Internet Protocol V4 227 Section 14.1. Properties of the Internet Protocol 228 Section 14.2. Implementing the Internet Protocol 233 Section 14.3. IP Options 250 Section 14.4. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 262 Chapter 15. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 273 Section 15.1. Using the Address Resolution Protocol 274 Section 15.2. The ARP Command 276 Section 15.3. Implementing the ARP Instance in the Linux Kernel 277 Chapter 16. IP Routing 293 Section 16.1. Introduction 293 Section 16.2. Configuration 301 Section 16.3. Implementation 309 Chapter 17. IP Multicast for Group Communication 330 Section 17.1. Group Communication 331 Section 17.2. IP Multicast 333 Section 17.3. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 339 Section 17.4. Multicast Data Path in the Linux Kernel 345 Section 17.5. Multicasting in Today's Internet 355 Section 17.6. Multicast Transport Protocols 364 Chapter 18. Using Traffic Control to Support Quality of Service (QoS) 366 Section 18.1. Introduction 366 Section 18.2. Basic Structure of Traffic Control in Linux 367 Section 18.3. Traffic Control in the Outgoing Direction 367 Section 18.4. Kernel Structures and Interfaces 369 Section 18.5. Ingress Policing 378 Section 18.6. Implementing a Queuing Discipline 378 Section 18.7. Configuration 381 Chapter 19. Packet Filters and Firewalls 383 Section 19.1. Introduction 383 Section 19.2. The Ipchains Architecture of Linux 2.2 386 Section 19.3. The Netfilter Architecture of Linux 2.4 391 Chapter 20. Connection Tracking 399 Section 20.1. Introduction 399 Section 20.2. Implementation 400 Chapter 21. Network Address Translation (NAT) 410 Section 21.1. Introduction 410 Section 21.2. Configuring NAT in Linux 414 Section 21.3. Implementing the NAT Module 416 Section 21.4. Interfaces to Extend the NAT Module 422 Chapter 22. Extending the Linux Network Architecture Functionality—KIDS 426 Section 22.1. Managing Dynamically Extendable Functionalities 426 Section 22.2. Structure of the KIDS Construction System 428 Section 22.3. Using the KIDS Example to Extend the Linux Network Architecture 431 Chapter 23. IPv6—Internet Protocol Version 6 443 Section 23.1. Introduction 443 Section 23.2. IPv6 Features 443 Section 23.3. IPv6 Implementation 450 Part V: Layer IV—Transport Layer 455 Chapter 24. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 457 Section 24.1. Overview 457 Section 24.2. Implementing The TCP Protocol Instance 460 Section 24.3. Connection Management 476 Section 24.4. Protocol Mechanisms For Data Exchange 486 Section 24.5. Timer Management In TCP 508 Chapter 25. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 513 Section 25.1. Introduction 513 Section 25.2. Data Structures 514 Section 25.3. Sending and Receiving UDP Datagrams 519 Chapter 26. The Concept of Sockets 522 Section 26.1. Introduction 522 Section 26.2. BSD Sockets 522 Section 26.3. Protocol-Specific Sockets 526 Part VI: Layer V—Application Layer 533 Chapter 27. Network Programming With Sockets 535 Section 27.1. Introduction 535 Section 27.2. Functions of the Socket API 538 Section 27.3. Examples 548 Part VII: Appendices 549 Appendix A. The LXR Source-Code Browser 551 Section A.1. Functionality 551 Section A.2. Installation 555 Appendix B. Debugging in the Linux Kernel 557 Section B.1. Log Outputs From the Linux Kernel 557 Section B.2. Creating Strings in the Kernel 561 Section B.3. Information in the /proc Directory 564 Section B.4. Using a Debugger with the Linux Kernel 569 Appendix C. Tools and Commands for Network Operation 572 Section C.1. Using ifconfig to Manage Network Devices 572 Section C.2. Using ping to Test the Reachability 575 Section C.3. Using netstat to View the Network State 576 Section C.4. Using route for Routing Information 578 Section C.5. Using tcpdump for Network Analysis 579 Section C.6. USING traceroute TO TRACE PACKETS 582 Section C.7. Other Tools 584 Appendix D. Example for a Kernel Module 588 Appendix E. Example for a Network-Layer Protocol 591 Appendix F. Example for a Transport Protocol 593 Appendix G. Example for Communication over Sockets 595 Section G.1. SERVER 595 Section G.2. CLIENT 598 Bibliography Index

作者: Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, Waldemar Celes 翻译：云风 中文手册制作：中国lua开发者 http://www.luaer.cn lua中文手册链接速查 Copyright © 2006 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. All rights reserved.

Boost的介绍 因为你正在读这本书，我希望你至少对Boost库有一点熟悉，或者你至少听说过Boost。 Boost里有很多库，只有很少一些是你不感兴趣的。可以肯定你会在里面找到马上就要用的库。Boost库覆盖了广泛的领域，从数学库到智能指针，从模板元编程库到预处理器库，从线程到lambda表达式，等等。所有Boost库都具有宽松的许可证，确保库可以被自由使用于商用软件。支持通过新闻组实现，那是Boost社区最具活力的地方，而且至少有一家公司专门提供与Boost相关的咨询服务。对于Boost社区的在线介绍，我强烈建议你访问Boost 网站 www.boost.org. 在写本书之时，Boost的最新版本为1.32.0. 里面包括58个独立的库。后面将分类介绍这58个库，并给出关于每个库的简短描述。对于本书未详细讨论的库，可以看一下www.boost.org提供的文档，你也可以从那里下载Boost库。

"Stephen Rago's update is a long overdue benefit to the community of professionals using the versatile family of UNIX and UNIX-like operating environments. It removes obsolescence and includes newer developments. It also thoroughly updates the context of all topics, examples, and applications to recent releases of popular implementations of UNIX and UNIX-like environments. And yet, it does all this while retaining the style and taste of the original classic."--Mukesh Kacker, cofounder and former CTO of Pronto Networks, Inc."One of the essential classics of UNIX programming."--Eric S. Raymond, author of The Art of UNIX Programming"This is the definitive reference book for any serious or professional UNIX systems programmer. Rago has updated and extended the classic Stevens text while keeping true to the original. The APIs are illuminated by clear examples of their use. He also mentions many of the pitfalls to look out for when programming across different UNIX system implementations and points out how to avoid these pitfalls using relevant standards such as POSIX 1003.1, 2004 edition and the Single UNIX Specification, Version 3."--Andrew Josey, Director, Certification, The Open Group, and Chair of the POSIX 1003.1 Working Group"Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment, Second Edition, is an essential reference for anyone writing programs for a UNIX system. It's the first book I turn to when I want to understand or re-learn any of the various system interfaces. Stephen Rago has successfully revised this book to incorporate newer operating systems such as GNU/Linux and Apple's OS X while keeping true to the first edition in terms of both readability and usefulness. It will always have a place right next to my computer."--Dr. Benjamin Kuperman, Swarthmore CollegePraise for the First Edition"Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment is a must-have for any serious C programmer who works under UNIX. Its depth, thoroughness, and clarity of explana-tion are unmatched."--UniForum Monthly"Numerous readers recommended Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment by W. Richard Stevens (Addison-Wesley), and I'm glad they did; I hadn't even heard of this book, and it's been out since 1992. I just got my hands on a copy, and the first few chapters have been fascinating."--Open Systems Today"A much more readable and detailed treatment of UNIX internals can be found in Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment by W. Richard Stevens (Addison-Wesley). This book includes lots of realistic examples, and I find it quite helpful when I have systems programming tasks to do."--RS/Magazine"This is the definitive reference book for any serious or professional UNIX systems programmer. Rago has updated and extended the original Stevens classic while keeping true to the original."--Andrew Josey, Director, Certification, The Open Group, and Chair of the POSIX 1003.1 Working GroupFor over a decade, serious C programmers have relied on one book for practical, in-depth knowledge of the programming interfaces that drive the UNIX and Linux kernels: W. Richard Stevens' Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment. Now, Stevens' colleague Stephen Rago has thoroughly updated this classic to reflect the latest technical advances and add support for today's leading UNIX and Linux platforms.Rago carefully retains the spirit and approach that made this book a classic. Building on Stevens' work, he begins with basic topics such as files, directories, and processes, carefully laying the groundwork for understanding more advanced techniques, such as signal handling and terminal I/O.Substantial new material includes chapters on threads and multithreaded programming, using the socket interface to drive interprocess communication (IPC), and extensive coverage of the interfaces added to the latest version of the POSIX.1 standard. Nearly all examples have been tested on four of today's most widely used UNIX/Linux platforms: FreeBSD 5.2.1; the Linux 2.4.22 kernel; Solaris 9; and Darwin 7.4.0, the FreeBSD/Mach hybrid underlying Apple's Mac OS X 10.3.As in the first edition, you'll learn through example, including more than 10,000 lines of downloadable, ANSI C source code. More than 400 system calls and functions are demonstrated with concise, complete programs that clearly illustrate their usage, arguments, and return values. To tie together what you've learned, the book presents several chapter-length case studies, each fully updated for contemporary environments.Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment has helped a generation of programmers write code with exceptional power, performance, and reliability. Now updated for today's UNIX/Linux systems, this second edition will be even more indispensable.

LINUX设备驱动程序 第三版