Handler、Looper和MessageQueue的关系

Handler初始化之前，首先需要初始化Looper，主线程中在进程启动，调用ActivityThread.main方法的时候，已经调用了Looper.prepareMainLooper初始化Looper了，而普通线程则采用Looper.prepare方法初始化，不管哪种方式，都是创建了一个Looper实例，保存到ThreadLocal这个全局静态变量中，Handler在初始化的时候，从ThreadLocal中获取到当前线程的Looper，然后从获取的looper中获取MessageQueue，保存到Handler的成员变量，然后在发送Message对象的时候，都是把它加入到MessageQueue里面，通过调用Looper.loop()开始无限循环从MessageQueue中取数据，如果MessageQueue为空，则休眠，否则唤醒，然后从MessageQueue中获取到Message之后，调用Message.target.dispatchMessage方法，也就是Handler的dispatchMessage方法，优先Message的callback方法，然后调用Handler的callback方法，最后才是Handler的handleMessage方法。

1.主线程中Looper的初始化

   public static void main(String[] args) {
        ...
        Looper.prepareMainLooper();

        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false);

        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
            sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
        }
        ...
        Looper.loop();//这里决定了主线程的后续处理只能基于消息模型
    }

   public static void prepareMainLooper() {
        prepare(false);
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            if (sMainLooper != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
            }
            sMainLooper = myLooper();//从threadLocal中获取主线程Looper实例
        }
    }

   private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));//将初始化looper实例并加入到ThreadLocal中
    }

2.Handler初始化

   public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }

        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();//获取looper实例
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;//获取MessageQueue
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

当然也可以自己传入Looper

3.Looper.loop()

   public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();//获取当前线程Looper实例
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;//获取MessageQueue

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // 循环从MessageQueue取Message，如果没有取到，让出CPU，进入休眠
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);//调用Handler的dispatchMessage方法

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

4.发送Message

Handler发送Message的方式有很多，但最终都会调用enqueueMessage方法

    private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

5.处理Message

    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {//优先处理msg的callback
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {其次是Handler的callback
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);//再次才是handleMessage
        }
    }

我们来主要看这一块，Message msg = queue.next();上面loop的无限循环中，从MessageQueue中获取Message

    Message next() {
        final long ptr = mPtr;
        if (ptr == 0) {
            return null;
        }

        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }

            nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);//有结果或者超时都会返回继续执行下面的

            synchronized (this) {//这里的处理是如果下一个Message为空，则会进入休眠，否则返回Message处理
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

                ...
        }
    }

我们重点看这里nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);，其中nextPollTimeoutMillis是超时时间，ptr即成员变量mPtr指向native层

NativeMessageQueue的指针。

    MessageQueue(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQuitAllowed = quitAllowed;
        mPtr = nativeInit();
    }

nativeInit该函数在frame/base/core/jni/android_os_MessageQueue.cpp中定义

  static jlong android_os_MessageQueue_nativeInit(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz) {
    NativeMessageQueue* nativeMessageQueue = new NativeMessageQueue();
    if (!nativeMessageQueue) {
        jniThrowRuntimeException(env, "Unable to allocate native queue");
        return 0;
    }

    nativeMessageQueue->incStrong(env);
    return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(nativeMessageQueue);
}

然后来看看nativePollOnce

static void android_os_MessageQueue_nativePollOnce(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj,
        jlong ptr, jint timeoutMillis) {
    NativeMessageQueue* nativeMessageQueue = reinterpret_cast<NativeMessageQueue*>(ptr);
    nativeMessageQueue->pollOnce(env, obj, timeoutMillis);
}

调用了NativeMessageQueue的pollOnce函数

void NativeMessageQueue::pollOnce(JNIEnv* env, jobject pollObj, int timeoutMillis) {
    mPollEnv = env;
    mPollObj = pollObj;
    mLooper->pollOnce(timeoutMillis);//这里是natvie层的looper
    mPollObj = NULL;
    mPollEnv = NULL;

    if (mExceptionObj) {
        env->Throw(mExceptionObj);
        env->DeleteLocalRef(mExceptionObj);
        mExceptionObj = NULL;
    }
}

最终会调用了Looper->pollOnce, 其中Looper在system/core/libutils/Looper.cpp定义

int Looper::pollOnce(int timeoutMillis, int* outFd, int* outEvents, void** outData) {
    int result = 0;
    for (;;) {
        while (mResponseIndex < mResponses.size()) {
            const Response& response = mResponses.itemAt(mResponseIndex++);
            int ident = response.request.ident;
            if (ident >= 0) {
                int fd = response.request.fd;
                int events = response.events;
                void* data = response.request.data;
                if (outFd != NULL) *outFd = fd;
                if (outEvents != NULL) *outEvents = events;
                if (outData != NULL) *outData = data;
                return ident;
            }
        }

        if (result != 0) {
            if (outFd != NULL) *outFd = 0;
            if (outEvents != NULL) *outEvents = 0;
            if (outData != NULL) *outData = NULL;
            return result;
        }

        result = pollInner(timeoutMillis);
    }
}

int Looper::pollInner(int timeoutMillis) {
   ...
    int result = POLL_WAKE;
    mResponses.clear();
    mResponseIndex = 0;

    // We are about to idle.
    mPolling = true;

    struct epoll_event eventItems[EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS];
    int eventCount = epoll_wait(mEpollFd, eventItems, EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, timeoutMillis);//epoll_wait会阻塞，超过timeoutMills会返回往下执行

    // No longer idling.
    mPolling = false;

    // Acquire lock.
    mLock.lock();

    // Rebuild epoll set if needed.
    if (mEpollRebuildRequired) {
        mEpollRebuildRequired = false;
        rebuildEpollLocked();
        goto Done;
    }

    // Check for poll error.
    if (eventCount < 0) {
        if (errno == EINTR) {
            goto Done;
        }
        ALOGW("Poll failed with an unexpected error, errno=%d", errno);
        result = POLL_ERROR;
        goto Done;
    }

    // Check for poll timeout.
    if (eventCount == 0) {
        result = POLL_TIMEOUT;
        goto Done;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < eventCount; i++) {
        int fd = eventItems[i].data.fd;
        uint32_t epollEvents = eventItems[i].events;
        if (fd == mWakeEventFd) {
            if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) {
                awoken();
            } else {
                ALOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x on wake event fd.", epollEvents);
            }
        } else {
            ssize_t requestIndex = mRequests.indexOfKey(fd);
            if (requestIndex >= 0) {
                int events = 0;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) events |= EVENT_INPUT;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLOUT) events |= EVENT_OUTPUT;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLERR) events |= EVENT_ERROR;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLHUP) events |= EVENT_HANGUP;
                pushResponse(events, mRequests.valueAt(requestIndex));
            } else {
                ALOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x on fd %d that is "
                        "no longer registered.", epollEvents, fd);
            }
        }
    }
Done: ;

    // Invoke pending message callbacks.
    mNextMessageUptime = LLONG_MAX;
    while (mMessageEnvelopes.size() != 0) {
        nsecs_t now = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
        const MessageEnvelope& messageEnvelope = mMessageEnvelopes.itemAt(0);
        if (messageEnvelope.uptime <= now) {
            // Remove the envelope from the list.
            // We keep a strong reference to the handler until the call to handleMessage
            // finishes.  Then we drop it so that the handler can be deleted *before*
            // we reacquire our lock.
            { // obtain handler
                sp<MessageHandler> handler = messageEnvelope.handler;
                Message message = messageEnvelope.message;
                mMessageEnvelopes.removeAt(0);
                mSendingMessage = true;
                mLock.unlock();
                handler->handleMessage(message);
            } // release handler

            mLock.lock();
            mSendingMessage = false;
            result = POLL_CALLBACK;
        } else {
            // The last message left at the head of the queue determines the next wakeup time.
            mNextMessageUptime = messageEnvelope.uptime;
            break;
        }
    }

    // Release lock.
    mLock.unlock();

    // Invoke all response callbacks.
    for (size_t i = 0; i < mResponses.size(); i++) {
        Response& response = mResponses.editItemAt(i);
        if (response.request.ident == POLL_CALLBACK) {
            int fd = response.request.fd;
            int events = response.events;
            void* data = response.request.data;
            // Invoke the callback.  Note that the file descriptor may be closed by
            // the callback (and potentially even reused) before the function returns so
            // we need to be a little careful when removing the file descriptor afterwards.
            int callbackResult = response.request.callback->handleEvent(fd, events, data);
            if (callbackResult == 0) {
                removeFd(fd, response.request.seq);
            }

            // Clear the callback reference in the response structure promptly because we
            // will not clear the response vector itself until the next poll.
            response.request.callback.clear();
            result = POLL_CALLBACK;
        }
    }
    return result;
}

上面的函数调用比较长，上述比较核心的部分是epoll_wait，有四个参数：

mEpollFd - 要监听的文件描述符

eventItems - 包含了mWakeEvent和通过addFd添加fd时加入的Event

EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS - 最大事件个数

timeoutMillis - 超时时间

上面整个过程如下：

1. 判断有没有event，因为可能是timeoutMillis到了返回的，如果没有直接进行3.

2. 读取eventItems的内容，如果eventItem的fd是mWakeEventFd，则调用awoken方法，读取Looper.wake写入的内容，如果是其他的fd，则使用pushResponse来读取，并且将内容放入Response当中。

3. 处理NativeMessageQueue的消息，这些消息是native层的消息

4. 处理pushResponse写入的内容。

最后调用了natvieWake

void Looper::wake() {
    uint64_t inc = 1;
    ssize_t nWrite = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(mWakeEventFd, &inc, sizeof(uint64_t)));
    if (nWrite != sizeof(uint64_t)) {
        if (errno != EAGAIN) {
            ALOGW("Could not write wake signal, errno=%d", errno);
        }
    }
}