Linux开发--mmap映射/dev/mem内存

    /dev/mem是linux下的一个字符设备, 源文件是kernel/drivers/char/mem.c, 这个设备文件是专门用来读写物理地址用的。里面的内容是所有物理内存的地址以及内容信息。通常只有root用户对其有读写权限。

    利用mmap和/dev/mem建立起直接读写系统物理内存的渠道。利用/dev/mem和mmap导出系统物理地址，免去了用户虚拟地址到内核逻辑地址的繁琐拷贝，提升效率。
    mmap及munmap函数原型如下:

#include<sys/mman.h>
void *mmap(void *start, size_t length, int prot, int flags,
           int fd, off_t offset);
int munmap(void *start, size_t length);

    mmap详细用法不在此展开, 特别注意参数start(一般赋值为NULL)和offset是页(page, 一般默认大小为4096bytes)对齐的，而且一定要判断mmap函数的返回值。
    下面是利用mmap对/dev/mem进行映射的例子:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
  
#define FATAL do { fprintf(stderr, "Error at line %d, file %s (%d) [%s]\n", \
  __LINE__, __FILE__, errno, strerror(errno)); exit(1); } while(0)
 
#define MAP_SIZE 4096UL
#define MAP_MASK (MAP_SIZE - 1)

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    int fd;
    void *map_base, *virt_addr; 
	unsigned long read_result, writeval;
	off_t target;
	int access_type = 'w';
	
	if(argc < 2)
	{
		fprintf(stderr, "\nUsage:\t%s { address } [ type [ data ] ]\n"
			"\taddress : memory address to act upon\n"
			"\ttype    : access operation type : [b]yte, [h]alfword, [w]ord\n"
			"\tdata    : data to be written\n\n",
			argv[0]);
		exit(1);
	}
	target = strtoul(argv[1], 0, 0);

	if(argc > 2)
	{
		access_type = tolower(argv[2][0]);
	}


    if((fd = open("/dev/mem", O_RDWR | O_SYNC)) == -1)
	{
		FATAL;
	}
	
    printf("/dev/mem opened.\n"); 
    fflush(stdout);
    
    /* Map one page */
    map_base = mmap(0, MAP_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, target & ~MAP_MASK);
    if(map_base == (void *) -1)
	{
		FATAL;
	}
    printf("Memory mapped at address %p.\n", map_base); 
    fflush(stdout);
    
    virt_addr = map_base + (target & MAP_MASK);
    switch(access_type)
	{
		case 'b':
			read_result = *((unsigned char *) virt_addr);
			break;
		case 'h':
			read_result = *((unsigned short *) virt_addr);
			break;
		case 'w':
			read_result = *((unsigned long *) virt_addr);
			break;
		default:
			fprintf(stderr, "Illegal data type '%c'.\n", access_type);
			exit(2);
	}
	
    printf("Value at address 0x%X (%p): 0x%X\n", target, virt_addr, read_result); 
    fflush(stdout);

	if(argc > 3)
	{
		writeval = strtoul(argv[3], 0, 0);
		switch(access_type)
		{
			case 'b':
				*((unsigned char *) virt_addr) = writeval;
				read_result = *((unsigned char *) virt_addr);
				break;
			case 'h':
				*((unsigned short *) virt_addr) = writeval;
				read_result = *((unsigned short *) virt_addr);
				break;
			case 'w':
				*((unsigned long *) virt_addr) = writeval;
				read_result = *((unsigned long *) virt_addr);
				break;
		}
		printf("Written 0x%X; readback 0x%X\n", writeval, read_result); 
		fflush(stdout);
	}
	
	if(munmap(map_base, MAP_SIZE) == -1)
	{
		FATAL;
	}
	
    close(fd);
	
    return 0;
}