Apache的管理及优化Web

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前言

Apache用于提供超文本传输协议，本质上是一个软件。超文本传输协议：http://，提供该协议的软件一般有：Apache、nginx、stgw、jfe、Tengine，而Apache在网页应用中使用比较广泛，比如百度所使用的就是该软件。

一、Apache的安装及启用

dnf install httpd.x86_64 -y     %dnf安装
systemctl enable --now httpd    %开启服务并设定服务位开机启动
firewall-cmd --list-all			%查看火墙信息
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http	%在火墙中永久开启http访问
firewall-cmd --reload			%刷新火墙使设定生效

具体操做示意图：

二、Apache的基本信息

服务名称：	httpd
配置文件：	/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf （主配置文件）/etc/httpd/conf.d/*.conf（子配置文件）
默认发布目录：	/var/www/html
默认发布文件：	index.html
默认端口：	80（http）443 （https)
用户:	apache
日志:	/etc/httpd/logs

三、Apache的基本配置及修改

1、Apache端口修改

vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf    %编辑主配置文件
Listen xxxx
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=xxxx/tcp  %防火墙设置允许xxxx端口
firewall-cmd --reload             %防火墙信息重新加载
systemctl restart httpd           %重启httpd服务

2、默认发布文件

vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf    %编辑主配置文件
DirectoryIndex westos.html index.html  %添加默认发布文件westos.html
systemctl restart httpd           %重启服务

3、默认发布目录

mkdir /dirname                    %创建目录，在主配置文件中添加下述内容
vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
DocumentRoot "/dirname/html"
<Directory "/dirname/html">
        Require all granted
</Directory>
systemctl restart httpd 

三、Apache的访问控制

1、基于客户端ip的访问控制

mkdir /var/www/html/westos
vim /var/www/html/westos/index.html
在浏览器中访问 http://ip/westos，可以访问到index.html中编写的内容
（1）ip白名单       %注意：白名单时，先Deny后Allow才可以，因为顺序颠倒的话，Deny会把Allow给覆盖掉
<Directory "/var/www/html/westos">
        Order Deny,Allow
        Allow from ip		
        Deny from All
</Directory>

（2）ip黑名单       %注意：黑名单时，先Allow后Deny才可以，因为顺序颠倒的话，Allow会把Deny给覆盖掉  
<Directory "/var/www/html/westos">
        Order Allow,Deny
        Allow from All		
        Deny from ip
</Directory>

2、基于用户认证

[root@haha conf.d]# cd ../conf
[root@haha conf]# cd ..
[root@haha httpd]# ls
conf  conf.d  conf.modules.d  logs  modules  run  state
[root@haha httpd]# htpasswd -cm .htpasswd admin（这里是用户名，需要是真实存在的目录）
New password: 
Re-type new password: 
Adding password for user admin
[root@haha httpd]# ls -a
.  ..  conf  conf.d  conf.modules.d  .htpasswd  logs  modules  run  state
[root@haha httpd]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
 <Directory "/var/www/html/westos">
   AuthUserFile /etc/httpd/.htpasswd
   AuthName "Please input username and password !!"
   AuthType basic
 # Require user   admin         %允许通过的认证用户 2选1
   Require valid-user           %允许所有用户通过认证 2选1
 </Directory>

四、Apache的虚拟主机

在实际情况中，不可能每访问一个网页就需要一台主机来安装Apache并部署相关环境，虚拟主机实现了同一个ip下有多个站点，即可以通过一个ip来访问多个网页内容。

（1）虚拟主机建立
[root@haha Desktop]# mkdir -p /var/www/virutal/westos.org/{linux,lee}   %创建虚拟主机的默认发布目录}
[root@haha Desktop]# vim /var/www/virutal/westos.org/linux/index.html  %编写虚拟机内容的默认发布页中的内容
[root@haha Desktop]# vim /var/www/virutal/westos.org/lee/index.html
[root@haha Desktop]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf  %注释掉下面几行（之前设置的，如果没有则可以忽略这一步）
 #DocumentRoot "/westos_web"
 #<Directory "/var/www/html/westos">
 #  Order Deny,Allow
 #  Allow from 172.25.254.1
 #  Deny from All
 #</Directory>
[root@haha conf.d]# cat /var/www/virutal/westos.org/linux/index.html
linux.westos.org
[root@haha conf.d]# cat /var/www/virutal/westos.org/lee/index.html
lee.westos.org
[root@haha conf.d]# vim Vhost.conf   %编写该文件内容如下
<VirtualHost _default_:80>
      DocumentRoot /var/www/html
      CustomLog logs/default.log combined
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:80>
      ServerName lee.westos.org
      DocumentRoot /var/www/virutal/westos.org/lee
      CustomLog logs/lee.log combined
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:80>
      ServerName linux.westos.org
      DocumentRoot /var/www/virutal/westos.org/linux
      CustomLog logs/linux.log combined
</VirtualHost>
[root@haha conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd.service
（2）在浏览器所在主机添加本地解析
[root@westos_student1 ~]# vim /etc/hosts   %在另外一台主机里添加解析如下
ip www.westos.org linux.westos.org lee.westos.org login.westos.org
（3）测试：在浏览器中访问以下内容：
firefox http://www.westos.org
firefox http://lee.westos.org
firefox http://linux.westos.org

五、Apache的语言支持

（1）php
vim /var/www/html/index.php
<?php
	phpinfo();
?>
dnf install php -y
systemctl restart httpd 
firefox http://ip/index.php

（2）cgi
mkdir /var/www/html/cgidir
vim /var/www/html/cgidir/index.cgi
#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
print `date`;
chmod +x index.cgi
vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhost.conf
<Directory "/var/www/html/cgidir">
	Options +ExecCGI
	AddHandler cgi-script .cgi
</Directory>
systemctl restart httpd 
firefox http://ip/cgidir/index.cgi

（3）wsgi
mkdir /var/www/html/wsgidir
vim /var/www/html/wsgidir/index.wsgi
def application (env, westos): 
    westos('200 ok', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
    return [b'hello wsgi!']
chmod +x index.wsgi
dnf search wsgi
dnf install python3-mod_wsgi.x86_64 -y 
vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhost.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
       Servername wsgi.westos.org
       wSGIScriptAlias / /var/www/html/wsgidir/index.wsgi
</VirtualHost>
systemctl restart httpd 
vim /etc/hosts
ip www.westos.org linux.westos.org lee.westos.org login.westos.org wsgi.westos.org
firefox  wsgi.westos.org/index.wsgi

六、Apache的加密访问

网页上用户的个人信息传输如果不经过加密手段，安全性将会受到极大的威胁，比如说账户密码信息，此时就需要一种加密手段能够给用户信息加密，相当于给用户信息上锁，而这个锁必须是经过专门机构认证的锁，这个锁就相当于私钥，锁的认证信息相当于证书签名文件，生成证书需要私钥和证书签名文件，二者缺一不可。

具体步骤：
[root@haha wsgi-scripts]# dnf install mod_ssl -y
[root@haha wsgi-scripts]# cd /etc/httpd/conf.d/
[root@haha conf.d]# ls
autoindex.conf  php.conf  ssl.conf      Vhost.conf
manual.conf     README    userdir.conf  welcome.conf
[root@haha conf.d]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
success
[root@haha conf.d]# firewall-cmd --reload
success
[root@haha conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd
完成上述步骤后在浏览器中加https可以访问到界面

[root@haha conf.d]# openssl genrsa -out /mnt/www.westos.org.key 2048
[root@haha conf.d]# openssl req -new -key /mnt/www.westos.org.key -out /mnt/www.westos.org.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:ShanXi
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:xi'an
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:westos
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:linux
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.westos.org
Email Address []:admin@westos.org

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
[root@haha conf.d]# ls /mnt/
www.westos.org.csr  www.westos.org.key
[root@haha conf.d]# openssl x509  -req -days 365 -in /mnt/www.westos.org.csr -signkey /mnt/www.westos.org.key -out /mnt/www.westos.org.crt
Signature ok
subject=C = CN, ST = ShanXi, L = xi'an, O = westos, OU = linux, CN = www.westos.org, emailAddress = admin@westos.org
Getting Private key
[root@haha conf.d]# ls
autoindex.conf  manual.conf  php.conf  README  ssl.conf  userdir.conf  Vhost.conf  welcome.conf
[root@haha conf.d]# ls /mnt/
www.westos.org.crt  www.westos.org.csr  www.westos.org.key
[root@haha conf.d]# cp /mnt/www.westos.org.key /etc/pki/tls/private/
[root@haha conf.d]# cp /mnt/www.westos.org.* /etc/httpd/
[root@haha conf.d]# cd /etc/httpd/
[root@haha httpd]# ls
conf    conf.modules.d  modules  state               www.westos.org.csr
conf.d  logs            run      www.westos.org.crt  www.westos.org.key
[root@haha httpd]# cd ..
[root@haha etc]# cd /etc/httpd/conf.d/
[root@haha conf.d]# ls
autoindex.conf  manual.conf  php.conf  README  ssl.conf  userdir.conf  Vhost.conf  welcome.conf
[root@haha conf.d]# vim ssl.conf 
 85 SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/www.westos.org.crt
 86 
 87 #   Server Private Key:
 88 #   If the key is not combined with the certificate, use this
 89 #   directive to point at the key file.  Keep in mind that if
 90 #   you've both a RSA and a DSA private key you can configure
 91 #   both in parallel (to also allow the use of DSA ciphers, etc.)
 92 #   ECC keys, when in use, can also be configured in parallel
 93 SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/www.westos.org.key
[root@haha conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@haha conf.d]# mkdir /var/www/virutal/westos.org/login
[root@haha conf.d]# vim /var/www/virutal/westos.org/login/index.html    #里面的内容任意
[root@haha conf.d]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/Vhost.conf
 23 <VirtualHost *:443>
 24       SSLEngine on
 25       SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/www.westos.org.crt
 26       SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/www.westos.org.key
 27       ServerName login.westos.org
 28       DocumentRoot /var/www/virutal/westos.org/login
 29       CustomLog logs/linux.log combined
 30 </VirtualHost>
 31 
 32 <VirtualHost *:80>
 33       ServerName login.westos.org
 34       RewriteEngine on
 35       RewriteRule ^(/*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}$1
 36 </VirtualHost>
[root@haha conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@haha conf.d]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/Vhost.conf 
[root@haha conf.d]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@haha html]# ls
cgidir  index.html  index.php  westos  westos.html  wsgi-scripts

操作示例：