修改数据表

表的操作:列的增删 ,约束的增删。


列的增删

  • 添加单列
    -ALTER TABLE tal_name ADD[COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
  • 添加多列:
    -ALTER TABLE tal_name ADD[COLUMN] ( col_name column_definition,…)
  • 删除列:
    -ALTER TABLE tb1_name DROP[COLUMN] col_name; //删除一列
    -ALTER TABLE tb1_name DROP[COLUMN] col_name, DROP[COLUMN] col_name; //删除多列
    也可以一行命令添加删除 要用逗号分隔。如上

约束的增删, constraint

  • 添加主键约束:ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY [index_type] (index_col_name,…)
  • 删除主键约束:ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP PRIMARY KEY

  • 删除唯一约束: ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP{INDEX|KEY}index_name

  • 添加外键约束:ALTER TABLE users2 ADD FOREIGN KEY(pid) REFERENCES provinces (id);

  • 删除外键约束:ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP FOREUGN KEY fk_symbob

  • 添加/删除默认约束:ALTER TABLE tbl_name ALTER [COLUMN] col_name{SEL DEFAULT iteral | DROP DEFAULT}

修改列

MODIFY ,CHANGE
修改列定义
如果字段类型 位置上要修改 可以修改列定义
1. ALTER TABLE tbl_name MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
2. 修改列名称
- ALTER TABLE tbl_name CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name new_col_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER col_name]

修改数据表名

  1. ALTER TABLE tbl_name RENAME [TO| AS] new_tbl_name
  2. RENAME TABLE tbl_name TO new_tbl_name

增加列

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM user1;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  | MUL | NULL    |                |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

无指定添加位置

——添加的列在所有列的后面

mysql> ALTER TABLE user1 ADD age TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 10;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.51 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM user1;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  | MUL | NULL    |                |
| age      | tinyint(3) unsigned  | NO   |     | 10      |                |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

指定添加位

mysql> ALTER TABLE user1 ADD password VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL AFTER username;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM user1;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| password | varchar(32)          | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  | MUL | NULL    |                |
| age      | tinyint(3) unsigned  | NO   |     | 10      |                |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

删除列

//删除单列
 mysql> ALTER TABLE user1 DROP password;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM user1;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  | MUL | NULL    |                |
| age      | tinyint(3) unsigned  | NO   |     | 10      |                |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//删除多列
mysql> ALTER TABLE user1 DROP username,DROP age;

添加主键约束

先创建一个表

mysql> CREATE TABLE user2(
    -> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
    -> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)

mysql> SHOW CREATE  TABLE user2;
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                             |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| user2 | CREATE TABLE `user2` (
  `username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

添加约束

mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 ADD id SMALLINT UNSIGNED;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM user2;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//添加主键 并给主键命名
mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 ADD CONSTRAINT PK_user2_id PRIMARY KEY(id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM user2;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//添加约束
mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 ADD UNIQUE (username);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM user2;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

添加外键约束

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM provinces;
+-------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| pname | varchar(20)          | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 ADD FOREIGN KEY(pid) REFERENCES provinces(id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.69 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE user2;
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| user2 | CREATE TABLE `user2` (
  `username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
  `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `username` (`username`),
  KEY `pid` (`pid`),
  CONSTRAINT `user2_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `provinces` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

添加/删除默认约束

ALTER TABLE tbl_name ALTER [COLUMN] col_name{SEL DEFAULT iteral | DROP DEFAULT}

mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 ADD age TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FORM user2;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'FORM user2' at line 1
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FroM user2;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| age      | tinyint(3) unsigned  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//增加默认值
mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 ALTER age SET DEFAULT 15;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FroM user2;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| age      | tinyint(3) unsigned  | NO   |     | 15      |       |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//删除默认值
mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 ALTER age DROP DEFAULT;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FroM user2;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| age      | tinyint(3) unsigned  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

删除唯一约束

ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP{INDEX|KEY}index_name

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FroM user2;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age      | tinyint(3) unsigned  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//查看约束的名字
mysql> SHOW  INDEXES FROM user2\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
        Table: user2
   Non_unique: 0
     Key_name: username
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: username
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null:
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment:
Index_comment:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
        Table: user2
   Non_unique: 1
     Key_name: pid
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: pid
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: YES
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment:
Index_comment:
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR:
No query specified

mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 DROP index username;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.43 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FroM user2;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type                 | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10)          | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| pid      | smallint(5) unsigned | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |
| id       | smallint(5) unsigned | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age      | tinyint(3) unsigned  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

删除外键约束

ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP FOREIGNKEY fk_symbob

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE user2;
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| user2 | CREATE TABLE `user2` (
  `username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
  `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `age` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL,
  KEY `pid` (`pid`),
  CONSTRAINT `user2_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `provinces` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 DROP FOREIGN KEY user2_ibfk_1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE user2;
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| user2 | CREATE TABLE `user2` (
  `username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
  `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `age` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL,
  KEY `pid` (`pid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

修改列定义

ALTER TABLE tbl_name MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE user2;
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| user2 | CREATE TABLE `user2` (
  `username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
  `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `age` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL,
  KEY `pid` (`pid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//移动位置
mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 MODIFY id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL FIRST;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.34 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE user2;
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| user2 | CREATE TABLE `user2` (
  `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
  `age` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL,
  KEY `pid` (`pid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//修改类型 由大类型改为小类型可能会造成数据的丢失
mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 MODIFY id TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL FIRST;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.45 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE user2;
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| user2 | CREATE TABLE `user2` (
  `id` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL,
  `username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
  `age` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL,
  KEY `pid` (`pid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

修改数据表名

mysql> ALTER TABLE user2 RENAME user3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)

mysql> SHOW TABLES
    -> ;
+--------------+
| Tables_in_ti |
+--------------+
| provinces    |
| tab1         |
| tab2         |
| tab3         |
| tab4         |
| tab5         |
| tab6         |
| user1        |
| user3        |
| users        |
+--------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> RENAME TABLE user3 to user2;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec)

mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+--------------+
| Tables_in_ti |
+--------------+
| provinces    |
| tab1         |
| tab2         |
| tab3         |
| tab4         |
| tab5         |
| tab6         |
| user1        |
| user2        |
| users        |
+--------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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