Java中线程池简单总结

前言

池化技术在很多领域都有应用，比如数据库连接池，HTTP连接池以及线程池。实际上都是预先建立一些连接缓存，有具体的任务时就可以直接分配，减少新建立资源时的消耗，提供更快的响应速度。

基本原理

jdk1.8中封装了Executors工具类作为初始化线程池的入口。该类提供好几种线程池初始化方法。我就简单研究了public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads)方法。

	public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
    }

线程池实际上的管理都是ThreadPoolExecutor类完成的。
值得注意的是传递参数默认的任务队列可用容量为Integer.MAX_VALUE，所以有资源耗尽的风险[JavaGuide]

 	public LinkedBlockingQueue() {
        this(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }

对于一次申请线程池资源基本流程如下:1. 如果没有达到设置最大线程数，新建线程执行；2. 如果线程数目已经是设置的最大值，则尝试加入任务队列；3. 如果加入任务队列失败，则再次尝试分配新线程，若失败则说明线程池达到饱和状态（saturated）。

	public void execute(Runnable command) {
        if (command == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        /*
         * Proceed in 3 steps:
         *
         * 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to
         * start a new thread with the given command as its first
         * task.  The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and
         * workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add
         * threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.
         *
         * 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need
         * to double-check whether we should have added a thread
         * (because existing ones died since last checking) or that
         * the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we
         * recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if
         * stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.
         *
         * 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new
         * thread.  If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated
         * and so reject the task.
         */
        int c = ctl.get();
        if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
            if (addWorker(command, true))
                return;
            c = ctl.get();
        }
        if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
            int recheck = ctl.get();
            if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
                reject(command);
            else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
                addWorker(null, false);
        }
        else if (!addWorker(command, false))
            reject(command);
    }

通过制定的饱和策略reject(command)

	final void reject(Runnable command) {
        handler.rejectedExecution(command, this);
    }

默认handler为AbortPolicy()。参考其他饱和策略[JavaGuide]

 private static final RejectedExecutionHandler defaultHandler =
        new AbortPolicy();

在研究addWorker()时，还注意到了Java中标签跳出多重循环的应用(goto)。
此外，线程池管理实际上还有很多内容，比如线程池状态管理和生命周期等。一篇来自美团的干货文章献上[美团技术团队]。