《C++新经典》第2章 数据类型、运算符与表达式

2.1 常量、变量、整型、实型和字符型

2.1.2 C语言数据类型

• 基本类型
    数值类型
      整型
        短整型（short）
        整型（int）
        长整型（long）
      浮点型
        单精度型（float）
        双精度型（double）
    字符类型（char）
• 构造类型
    数组
    结构体（struct）
    共用体（union）
    枚举类型（enum）
• 指针类型
• void空类型

数据类型	64位系统
sizeof(char)	1
sizeof(short)	2
sizeof(int)	4
sizeof(long)	4
sizeof(long long)	8
sizeof(float)	4
sizeof(double)	8
sizeof(long double)	16
sizeof(void *)	8
sizeof(char *)	8

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    cout <<"sizeof(char): " <<sizeof(char) <<endl;
    cout <<"sizeof(short): " <<sizeof(short) <<endl;
    cout <<"sizeof(int): " <<sizeof(int) <<endl;
    cout <<"sizeof(long): " <<sizeof(long) <<endl;
    cout <<"sizeof(long long): " <<sizeof(long long) <<endl;
    cout <<"sizeof(float): " <<sizeof(float) <<endl;
    cout <<"sizeof(double): " <<sizeof(double) <<endl;
    cout <<"sizeof(long double): " <<sizeof(long double) <<endl;
    cout <<"sizeof(void *): " <<sizeof(void *) <<endl;
    cout <<"sizeof(char *): " <<sizeof(char *) <<endl;
    return 0;
}

2.1.3 常量和变量

标识符：字母、数字、下划线组成，非数字开头。
保留字：系统保留，特殊用途。
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常量

值不能被改变的量，一般字面值。

• 整型常量
  150
• 浮点型常量（实型常量）
  12.3
• 字符常量
  ‘a’

变量

值可以被改变的量，肯定有变量名（就是标识符），占据内存存储空间。

类型名 变量名[=变量初值];
int iMemberCount; //i表示int

2.1.4 整型数据

• 十进制数
  -456
• 八进制数
  012
• 十六进制数
  0x2f
  0X3B

//基本型、短整型、长整型、无符号型
//[unsigned] short | int | long | long long
//定义变量时初始化，非赋值语句
long test3 = 189L;//189l
int a = 23.12F;//23.12f
unsigned abc = 23U;//23U
//一般L、F、U等无意义，实际类型取决于变量类型

2.1.5 实型数据

• 十进制数表示
  0.12
  3.14159
• 指数形式
  16E2
  1.63e-5

//float，double

2.1.6 字符型数据

• 字符常量

'a'

• 转义字符
  特殊字符，\开头的字符序列，将\后面字符转变成另外的含义。

\n
\t
\\
\'
\"
\ddd，八进制
\xhh，十六进制
\0，空标志

• 字符变量

char c = '\'';

ASCII码，0~127间数字。
32，空格
33，！
34， "
35，#
36，$
48，0
49，1
65，A
66，B
97，a
98，b

char c = 98;
printf("c = %c, c = %d\n", c, c);

c += 4;
printf("c = %c, c = %d\n", c, c);

2.1.7 字符串变量

一对双引号包含起来的一堆字符。
‘a’，字符常量，1个字节。
“a”，字符串常量，2个字节，'\0’字符串结束标记。

2.1.8 变量赋初值

变量定义的同时赋值。

int a, c = 6;

2.1.9 数字型变量间的混合运算

不同类型数据在一起运算，系统尝试将变量类型统一（转换为最大数值类型的变量类型），然后运算。

• 类型从低到高。
  char
  unsigned char
  short
  unsigned short
  int
  unsigned
  long
  unsigned long
  long long
  unsigned long long
  float
  double
  long double

• char，unsigned char，short，unsigned short，int运算强制转换为int类型（即使类型相同数据运算），然后再运算。

• 其他类型间运算，转换为高类型后再运算。

#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    char c;
    unsigned char uc;
    short s;
    unsigned short us;
    int i;
    unsigned u;
    long l;
    unsigned long ul;
    long long ll;
    unsigned long long ull;
    float f;
    double d;
    long double ld;

    cout <<"typeid:" <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(char): " <<typeid(c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned char): " <<typeid(uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(short): " <<typeid(s).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned short): " <<typeid(us).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(int): " <<typeid(i).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned): " <<typeid(u).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long): " <<typeid(l).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned long): " <<typeid(ul).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long long): " <<typeid(ll).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned long long): " <<typeid(ull).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(float): " <<typeid(f).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(double): " <<typeid(d).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long double): " <<typeid(ld).name() <<endl;
    cout <<endl;

    cout <<"typeid(*+unsigned char):" <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned char+unsigned char): " <<typeid(uc+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(short+unsigned char): " <<typeid(s+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned short+unsigned char): " <<typeid(us+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(int+unsigned char): " <<typeid(i+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned+unsigned char): " <<typeid(u+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long+unsigned char): " <<typeid(l+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned long+unsigned char): " <<typeid(ul+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long long+unsigned char): " <<typeid(ll+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned long long+unsigned char): " <<typeid(ull+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(float+unsigned char): " <<typeid(f+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(double+unsigned char): " <<typeid(d+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long double+unsigned char): " <<typeid(ld+uc).name() <<endl;
    cout <<endl;

    cout <<"typeid(*+char):" <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(char+char): " <<typeid(c+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned char+char): " <<typeid(uc+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(short+char): " <<typeid(s+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned short+char): " <<typeid(us+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(int+char): " <<typeid(i+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned+char): " <<typeid(u+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long+char): " <<typeid(l+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned long+char): " <<typeid(ul+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long long+char): " <<typeid(ll+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned long long+char): " <<typeid(ull+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(float+char): " <<typeid(f+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(double+char): " <<typeid(d+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long double+char): " <<typeid(ld+c).name() <<endl;
    cout <<endl;

    cout <<"typeid(*+long long):" <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long long+long long): " <<typeid(ll+ll).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned long long+long long): " <<typeid(ull+ll).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(float+long long): " <<typeid(f+ll).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(double+long long): " <<typeid(d+ll).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long double+long long): " <<typeid(ld+ll).name() <<endl;
    cout <<endl;

    cout <<"typeid(*+unsigned long long):" <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(unsigned long long+unsigned long long): " <<typeid(ull+ull).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(float+unsigned long long): " <<typeid(f+ull).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(double+unsigned long long): " <<typeid(d+ull).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long double+unsigned long long): " <<typeid(ld+ull).name() <<endl;
    cout <<endl;

    cout <<"typeid(*+float):" <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(float+float): " <<typeid(f+f).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(double+float): " <<typeid(d+f).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long double+float): " <<typeid(ld+f).name() <<endl;
    cout <<endl;

    cout <<"typeid(*+double):" <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(double+double): " <<typeid(d+d).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(long double+double): " <<typeid(ld+d).name() <<endl;
    cout <<endl;

    cout <<"typeid(int+unsigned): " <<typeid(i+u).name() <<endl;
    cout <<"typeid(char+char): " <<typeid(c+c).name() <<endl;

    return 0;
}

2.2 算术运算符和表达式

2.2.1 C语言的运算符

1. 算术运算符

+ - * / %

2. 关系运算符

< = >= <= == !=

3. 逻辑运算符

! && ||

4. 位运算符

<< >> ~ & | ^

5. 赋值运算符

= += -= *= /= != <<=

6. 条件运算符

?:

7. 逗号运算符

,

8. 指针运算符

* &

9. 求占字节数运算符

sizeof()

11. 强制类型转换运算符

(类型名)

12. 成员变量运算符

. ->

13. 下标运算符

[]

14. 其他

2.2.2 算术运算符和算术表达式

+ - * / %
5/3，整数相除，舍弃小数部分
%，求余，要求两侧为整数

2.2.3 运算符优先级问题

从高到低：

1. () [] -> .
2. ! ~ ++ – (类型) * & sizeof() （从右到左）
3. * / %
4. - +
5. << >>
6. < <= > >=
7. == !=
8. &
9. ^
10. |
11. &&
12. ||
13. ?: （从右到左）
14. = += -= *= /= %= … （从右到左）
15. ,

2.2.4 强制类型转换运算符

(类型名)(表达式名)

2.2.5 自增和自减运算符

++
--

2.3 赋值运算符和逗号运算符

2.3.1 赋值运算符和赋值表达式

1. 赋值运算符
   “=”，将等号右边的值给等号左边的变量。

定义时初始化（赋初值）语句，非赋值语句。

char a = 100;

2. 复合的赋值运算符

int a;
a = 100;

a += 3;

int x=2, y=4;
x *= y+8;

3. 赋值表达式的值
   等号右侧的值。

int a=b=c=3;

a += a -= a*a;
printf("a=%d\n", a);

/*
a*a == 9;
a += a -= 9;

a = a-9 = -6;
a += -6;

a = a+(-6) = -6+(-6) = -12;
*/

2.3.2 逗号运算符和逗号表达式

逗号运算符“,”，优先级最低的运算符。
逗号表达式，“,”将多个表达式连接起来的更长的一个表达式。

int x, a;
int result = (x=a=3, 6*a);