《C++新经典》第17章 并发与多线程

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《C++新经典》第17章 并发与多线程

17.1 基本概念和实现

17.1.1 并发、进程、线程的基本概念和综述

  1. 并发
    多个任务(独立活动)同时发生(进行)。
    单CPU,操作系统调度,任务切换。
    多CPU,硬件并发(并行)。

  2. 可执行程序
    Windows下exe文件,Linux下有可执行权限的文件(-rwxrw-r–)。

  3. 进程
    一个可执行程序运行起来创建一个进程,进程就是运行起来了的可执行程序。

  4. 线程
    每个进程有唯一主线程,随进程启动。
    线程理解为一条代码的执行通路(道路)。
    每个线程需要独立的堆栈空间(耗费内存,1MB左右),线程切换需保存很多中间状态。上下文切换必须但无价值和意义的额外工作,耗费资源。

17.1.2 并发的实现方法

  1. 多进程并发
    多个可执行程序运行。同一计算机上进程通过管道、文件、消息队列、共享内存等技术通信,不同计算机间进程通过socket(网络套接字)等通信。进程直接数据保护问题,相互通信复杂(即使同一台计算机上)。

  2. 多线程并发
    单个进程创建多个线程(轻量级进程,独立运行),共享进程地址空间(共享内存)、全局变量、指针、引用等。

  3. 总结
    与多进程并发相比较,多线程并发的优缺点:
    优点:线程轻量级,启动速度更快;系统资源开销更少;执行速度更快。
    缺点:使用有难度,小心数据一致性问题。

17.2 线程启动、结束与创建线程写法

17.2.1 线程开始与结束

主线程执行完后,未执行完的子线程会被操作系统强制终止(detach例外)。

#include <iostraem>
#include <thread>
using namespace std;

void myprint() {
	cout <<"线程开始" <<endl;
	cout <<"线程结束" <<endl;
}

int main() {
	thread mytobj(myprint);//函数myprint是可调用对象
	mytobj.join();
	cout <<"main主函数结束" <<endl;
	return 0;
}

线程detach后,线程关联的thread对象失去与线程的关联,线程驻留在后台运行(控制台不会输出),由C++运行时库接管(负责清理该线程相关的资源),类似守护线程。

#include <iostraem>
#include <thread>
using namespace std;

void myprint() {
	cout <<"线程开始" <<endl;
	cout <<"线程结束1" <<endl;
	cout <<"线程结束2" <<endl;
	cout <<"线程结束3" <<endl;
	cout <<"线程结束4" <<endl;
	cout <<"线程结束5" <<endl;
	cout <<"线程结束6" <<endl;
	cout <<"线程结束7" <<endl;
	cout <<"线程结束8" <<endl;
}

int main() {
	thread mytobj(myprint);//函数myprint是可调用对象
	mytobj.detach(); //主线程结束后,myprint子线程转入后台执行,看不见输出结果(输出结果的窗口关联的是主线程)
	cout <<"main主函数结束" <<endl;
	return 0;
}
thread mytobj(myprint);
if(mytobj.joinable())
	cout <<"joinable() == true" <<endl;
mytobj.join();//或者mytobj.detach();
//joinable()用于判断线程是否调用过join或者detach
if(!mytobj.joinable())
	cout <<"joinable() == false" <<endl;

17.2.2 其它线程创建方法

  1. 类创建线程
class TA {
public:
	void operator()() {//重载(),可调用对象
		cout <<"TA::operator()开始" <<endl;
		cout <<"m_i: " <<m_i <<endl;
		cout <<"TA::operator()结束" <<endl;
	}

	TA(int i):m_i(i){
		cout <<"TA(int i), this=" <<this <<endl;
	}
	~TA() {
		cout <<"~TA(), this=" <<this <<endl;
	}
	TA(const TA& ta):m_i(ta.m_i){
		cout <<"TA(const TA& ta), this=" <<this <<endl;
	}
	int m_i;
	
	//隐患
	//引用值,当main线程结束时,变量myi会销毁,引用无效
	//TA(int& i):m_i(i){}
	//int& m_i;
};

int myi = 6;
TA ta(myi);

//ta对象会被复制到子线程,main线程销毁ta对子线程无影响。
thread mytobj(ta); //thread mytobj(TA(myi));临时对象,编译出错

//ta.join();
ta.detach();

cout <<"main结束" <<endl;
  1. lambda表达式创建线程
auto mylamthread = [] {
	cout <<"线程开始" <<endl;
	cout <<"线程结束" <<endl;
};
thread mytobj(mylamthread);
mytobj.join();//或者mytobj.detach();

17.3 线程传参、detach与成员函数作为线程函数

17.3.1 传递临时对象作为线程参数

  1. 陷阱1
    detach创建线程时,不要往线程中传递引用、指针类参数。
//const引用会产生临时对象
void myprint(int i, const string& mybuf) {}
  1. 陷阱2
void myprint(int i, const string& mybuf) {}
int mvar = 1;
char mybuf[] = "test";
//mybuf转换为string时机不确定,潜在问题
thread mytobj(myprint, mvar, mybuf);

//构造string临时对象,无问题
thread mytobj(myprint, mvar, string(mybuf));

自定义类测试

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    A(int a) : m_i(a) { cout << "A::A(int a)" << this << endl; }
    A(const A &a) { cout << "A::A(const A& a)" << this << endl; }
    ~A() { cout << "~A::A()" << this << endl; }

private:
    int m_i;
};

void myprint(int i, const A &mybuf)
{
    cout << &mybuf << endl;
}

int main()
{
    int mvar = 1;
    int secondvar = 12;

    // 拷贝构造函数可能未执行,main线程就结束了
    //thread mytobj(myprint, mvar, secondvar);

    // main线程,执行一次构造函数+一次拷贝构造函数(生成类A实例位于子线程中)+一次析构函数
    // 子线程中,输出实例A地址+一次析构函数
    thread mytobj(myprint, mvar, A(secondvar));

    //mytobj.join();
    mytobj.detach();

    cout << "main over" << endl;

    return 0;
}
  1. 总结
    int这种简单类型,使用值传递,不要使用引用;
    类对象作为参数时,避免隐式类型转换,直接在创建线程时构建临时对象,线程函数形参使用引用;
    建议使用join,不使用detach,这样无局部变量失效导致线程非法内存引用的问题。

17.3.2 临时对象作为线程参数续

  1. 线程id
    标识线程的唯一数字。
std::this_thread::get_id()
  1. 临时对象构造时机
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    A(int a) : m_i(a) { cout << "A::A(int a) this: " << this <<" id: "<< this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    A(const A &a) { cout << "A::A(const A& a) this: " << this <<" id: "<< this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    ~A() { cout << "~A::A() this: " << this <<" id: "<< this_thread::get_id() << endl; }

private:
    int m_i;
};

void myprint2(const A &mybuf)
{
    cout <<"this: "<< &mybuf <<" id: "<< this_thread::get_id() << endl;
}

//void myprint2(const A mybuf)
//非引用时,
//子线程中会增加一次拷贝构造函数+一次析构函数

int main()
{
    cout << "main id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl;

    int mvar = 1;

    //子线程中利用变量mvar创建A实例
    //mvar可能因main执行完毕而回收,潜在问题。
    //thread mytobj(myprint2, mvar);

    // main线程执行构造函数和拷贝构造函数(创建两个A的实例)
    // 构造函数创建的实例A执行完拷贝构造后,main线程析构
    // 拷贝构造函数创建的实例A归子线程所有,且由子线程析构
    thread mytobj(myprint2, A(mvar));

    mytobj.join();

    cout << "main over" << endl;

    return 0;
}

建议

//函数使用类的常量引用
void myprint2(const A& mybuf);

//创建线程时构建临时对象
thread mytobj(myprint2, A(mvar));

17.3.3 传递类对象与智能指针作为线程参数

临时对象不能作为非const引用参数。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    A(int a) : m_i(a) { cout << "A::A(int a) this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    A(const A &a) { cout << "A::A(const A& a) this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    ~A() { cout << "~A::A() this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    mutable int m_i; // mutable,const&可修改
};

//c++只会为const引用产生临时对象
//临时对象不能作为非const引用
void myprint2(const A &a)
{
    a.m_i = 199;
}

int main()
{
    A myobj(10);
    //thread t(myprint2, myobj); //子线程调用拷贝构造函数生成A实例
	thread t(myprint2, std::ref(myobj)); //真引用main线程的A实例
    t.join();

    cout << myobj.m_i << endl;
    cout << "main over" << endl;

    return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    A(int a) : m_i(a) { cout << "A::A(int a) this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    A(A &a) { cout << "A::A(A& a) this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    ~A() { cout << "~A::A() this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    int m_i; 
};

void myprint2(A &a)
{
    a.m_i = 199;
    cout << "myprint2(A &a) this: " << &a << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; 
}

int main()
{
    A myobj(10);
	thread t(myprint2, std::ref(myobj)); //真传递引用,可修改
    t.join();

    cout << myobj.m_i << endl;
    cout << "main over" << endl;

    return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
using namespace std;

void myprint3(unique_ptr<int> pzn)
{
    *pzn = 22;
}

int main()
{
    unique_ptr<int> myp(new int(100));
    cout<< *myp <<endl;
    thread t(myprint3, std::move(myp));//unique_ptr转移到子线程,myp为空

    cout << "myp==nullptr: "<<(myp==nullptr) <<endl;
    t.join(); //必须等待,main线程创建内存空间myp,子线程在使用。

    
    cout << "main over" << endl;

    return 0;
}

17.3.4 成员函数作为线程入口函数

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    A(int a) : m_i(a) { cout << "A::A(int) this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    A(A &a) { cout << "A::A(A&) this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    ~A() { cout << "~A::A() this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }

public:
    void thread_work(int num)
    {
        cout << "this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl;
    }
    int m_i;
};

class A2
{
public:
    A2(int a) : m_i(a) { cout << "A2::A2(int) this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    A2(A2 &a) { cout << "A2::A2(A2&) this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }
    ~A2() { cout << "~A2::A2() this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl; }

public:
    void operator()(int num)
    {
        cout << "this: " << this << " id: " << this_thread::get_id() << endl;
    }
    int m_i;
};

int main()
{
    if(0)
    {
        A a(3);
        thread obj(&A::thread_work, a, 15);//拷贝构造函数主线程执行,析构函数子线程执行
        obj.join();
    }

    if(0)
    {
        A a(3);
        thread obj(&A::thread_work, &a, 15);
        //thread obj(&A::thread_work, std::ref(a), 15);//同上,无拷贝构造函数,主线程和子线程共用类a
        obj.join();
    } 
    
    if(0)
    {
        A2 a(3);
        thread obj(a, 15);//拷贝构造函数主线程执行,析构函数子线程执行
        obj.join();
    }
    
    if(1)
    {
        A2 a(3);
        //thread obj(&a, 15);//error
        thread obj(std::ref(a), 15);//无拷贝构造函数,主线程和子线程共用类a
        obj.join();
    } 
    cout << "over!\n";
    return 0;
}

17.4 多个线程、数据共享与案例代码

17.4.1 创建和等待多个线程

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
using namespace std;

void myprint(int num)
{
    cout << num << endl;
}

#define N 5
int main()
{

    /*
    vector<thread> threads;
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        //threads.push_back(thread(myprint, i));
        threads.emplace_back(thread(myprint, i));
    */
   
    vector<thread> threads(N);
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        threads[i] = thread(myprint, i);

    std::for_each(threads.begin(), threads.end(), std::mem_fn(&std::thread::join));
    /*
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
            threads[i].join();
    */
   /*
     for (auto &entry : threads)
         entry.join();
    */
    /*
    for (auto iter = threads.begin(); iter != threads.end(); ++iter)
        iter->join();
    */

    cout << "main over" << endl;

    return 0;
}

17.4.2 数据共享

只读没问题,读写需加锁。

17.4.3 案例代码

list频繁按序插入和删除数据时效率更高,vector随机插入和删除数据时效率更高。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <list>
using namespace std;

#define N 1000
class A
{
public:
    void inMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(i);
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::seconds(3));
        }
    }
    void outMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            if (msgRecvQueue.empty())
            {
                cout<<"empty"<<endl;
            }
            else
            {
                int command = msgRecvQueue.front();
                msgRecvQueue.pop_front();

                cout<<"do something"<<endl;
            }
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::seconds(1));
        }
    }

private:
    list<int> msgRecvQueue;
};

int main()
{
    A a;

    thread outObj(&A::outMsgRecvQueue, &a);
    thread inObj(&A::inMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a));
    inObj.join();
    outObj.join();

    cout << "main over" << endl;

    return 0;
}

17.5 互斥量概念、用法、死锁与解决

17.5.1 互斥量概念

互斥量,mutex,一个类,一把锁。
保护需要保护的数据。保护数据少了,无保护效果;保护数据多了,影响程序运行效率。

17.5.2 互斥量用法

  1. lock和unlock
mutex mtx;
mtx.lock();

mtx.unlock();
  1. lock_guard
mutex mtx;

std::lock_guard<mutex> guard(mtx);

17.5.3 死锁

都等待对方释放锁,而都锁住了对方需要的锁,相互等待。

一般解决方法是按相同顺序上锁。

m1.lock();
m2.lock();
m2.unlock();
m1.unlock();
//或者
lock_guard<mutex> g1(m1);
lock_guard<mutex> g2(m2);

lock可以一次锁住两个及以上互斥量。(要么都锁住,要么都不锁)

std::lock(m1, m2);//m1,m2先后顺序无关

m2.unlock();
m1.unlock();
mutex m1;
mutex m2;


std::lock(m1, m2);//m1,m2先后顺序无关,同时锁住m1和m2


lock_guard<mutex> g1(m1, std::adopt_lock);
lock_guard<mutex> g2(m2, std::adopt_lock);

//lock_guard<mutex> g1(m1);
//g1构造函数中调用lock,析构函数调用unlock
//std::adopt_lock告诉g1构造函数中不调用lock

17.6 unique_lock详解

一般使用lock_guard。
unique_lock比lock_guard更灵活,执行效率差一点,内存占用多一点。

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
using namespace std;

#define N 5
class A
{
public:
    void inMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            lock_guard guard(mtx);
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(i);
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(30));
        }
    }
    void outMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        int command;
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            bool result = outMsgLULProc(command);
            if (!result)
            {
                cout << "empty" << endl;
            }
            else
            {
                cout << "do something" << endl;
            }
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(10));
        }
    }

private:
    bool outMsgLULProc(int &command)
    {
        lock_guard guard(mtx);
        if (!msgRecvQueue.empty())
        {
            command = msgRecvQueue.front();
            msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

private:
    list<int> msgRecvQueue;
    mutex mtx;
};

int main()
{
    A a;

    thread outObj(&A::outMsgRecvQueue, &a);
    thread inObj(&A::inMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a));
    inObj.join();
    outObj.join();

    cout << "main over" << endl;

    return 0;
}

17.6.1 unique_lock取代lock_guard

unique_lock可完全取代lock_guard。

17.6.2 unique_lock的第二个参数

  1. std::adopt_lock
    adopt_lock标记m已经lock过,g构造函数中不再调用lock。
mutex m;
m.lock();
unique_lock<mutex> g(m, adopt_lock);
  1. std::try_to_lock

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
using namespace std;

#define N 5
class A
{
public:
    void inMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            unique_lock guard(mtx, try_to_lock);//mtx不能lock
            if(guard.owns_lock()) //   拿到锁头
                msgRecvQueue.push_back(i);
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(30));
        }
    }
    void outMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        int command;
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            bool result = outMsgLULProc(command);
            if (!result)
            {
                cout << "empty" << endl;
            }
            else
            {
                cout << "do something" << endl;
            }
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(10));
        }
    }

private:
    bool outMsgLULProc(int &command)
    {
        unique_lock guard(mtx);
        if (!msgRecvQueue.empty())
        {
            command = msgRecvQueue.front();
            msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

private:
    list<int> msgRecvQueue;
    mutex mtx;
};

int main()
{
    A a;

    thread outObj(&A::outMsgRecvQueue, &a);
    thread inObj(&A::inMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a));
    inObj.join();
    outObj.join();

    cout << "main over" << endl;

    return 0;
}
  1. std::defer_lock
    初始化未加锁的mutex,mutex不能lock。
mutex mtx;
unique_lock guard(mtx, defer_lock);//mtx不能lock

17.6.3 unique_lock的成员函数

  1. lock
mutex mtx;
unique_lock guard(mtx, defer_lock);

guard.lock();
  1. unlock
mutex mtx;
unique_lock guard(mtx);

guard.unlock();
  1. try_lock
mutex mtx;
unique_lock guard(mtx);

guard.try_lock();
  1. release
mutex mtx;
unique_lock guard(mtx);

mutex* p_mtx = guard.release();//解除guard与mtx的关联
p_mtx->unlock();//需要自己解锁

锁住代码合适(粒度)。

17.6.4 unique_lock所有权的传递

unique_lock对mutex的所有权可以移动但不能复制。

mutex mtx;
unique_lock<mutex > g1(mtx);
//unique_lock<mutex > g2(mtx);//error

unique_lock<mutex > g2(std::move(g1));
unique<mutex> rtn_unique_lock(){
	unique_lock<mutex > g(mtx);
	return g;//会生成临时对象,并调用移动构造函数
}

17.7 单例设计模式共享数据分析、解决与call_once

17.7.1 设计模式简单谈

项目开发经验、模块划分经验等总结起来构成的一系列开发技巧。扩展方便,程序写起来灵活(增加删除模块、功能方便)。

17.7.2 单例设计模式

特殊的类,该类对象只能创建一个。


#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
using namespace std;

class MyCAS
{
private:
    MyCAS()
    {
        cout << "MyCAS()\n";
    }
    ~MyCAS()
    {
        cout << "~MyCAS()\n";
    }

private:
    static MyCAS *m_instance;

public:
    void func()
    {
        cout << "test" << endl;
    }

    static MyCAS *GetInstance()
    {
        if (m_instance == nullptr)
        {
            static CGarhuishou cg;
            m_instance = new MyCAS();
        }
        return m_instance;
    }

private:
    class CGarhuishou
    {
    public:
        CGarhuishou()
        {
            cout << "CGarhuishou()\n";
        }
        ~CGarhuishou()
        {
            if (MyCAS::m_instance)
            {
                delete MyCAS::m_instance;
                MyCAS::m_instance = nullptr;
            }
            cout << "~CGarhuishou()\n";
        }
    };
};

MyCAS *MyCAS::m_instance = nullptr;

int main()
{
    {
        MyCAS::GetInstance()->func();
        MyCAS * p_a = MyCAS::GetInstance();
        p_a->func();
    }
    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.7.3 单例设计模式共享问题分析、解决


#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
using namespace std;

class MyCAS
{
private:
    MyCAS()
    {
        cout << "MyCAS()\n";
    }
    ~MyCAS()
    {
        cout << "~MyCAS()\n";
    }

private:
    static MyCAS *m_instance;
    static mutex mtx;

public:
    void func()
    {
        cout << "test" << endl;
    }

    static MyCAS *GetInstance()
    {
        if (m_instance == nullptr)
        {
            unique_lock u(mtx);
            if (m_instance == nullptr)
            {
                static CGarhuishou cg;
                m_instance = new MyCAS();
            }
        }
        return m_instance;
    }

private:
    class CGarhuishou
    {
    public:
        CGarhuishou()
        {
            cout << "CGarhuishou()\n";
        }
        ~CGarhuishou()
        {
            if (MyCAS::m_instance)
            {
                delete MyCAS::m_instance;
                MyCAS::m_instance = nullptr;
            }
            cout << "~CGarhuishou()\n";
        }
    };
};

MyCAS *MyCAS::m_instance = nullptr;
mutex MyCAS::mtx;

void mythread()
{
    cout << "begin\n";
    MyCAS *p_a = MyCAS::GetInstance();
    p_a->func();
    cout << "end\n";
}

int main()
{
    {
       thread t1(mythread);
       thread t2(mythread);
       t1.join();
       t2.join();
    }
    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.7.4 std::call_once

保证函数只被执行一次。
once_flag,结构,标记。


#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
using namespace std;

class MyCAS
{
private:
    MyCAS()
    {
        cout << "MyCAS()\n";
    }
    ~MyCAS()
    {
        cout << "~MyCAS()\n";
    }

private:
    static MyCAS *m_instance;
    static once_flag g_flag;

public:
    void func()
    {
        cout << "test" << endl;
    }

    static MyCAS *GetInstance()
    {
        if (m_instance == nullptr)
            call_once(g_flag, CreateInstance);
        return m_instance;
    }

private:
    static void CreateInstance()
    {
        static CGarhuishou cg;
        m_instance = new MyCAS();
    }

private:
    class CGarhuishou
    {
    public:
        CGarhuishou()
        {
            cout << "CGarhuishou()\n";
        }
        ~CGarhuishou()
        {
            if (MyCAS::m_instance)
            {
                delete MyCAS::m_instance;
                MyCAS::m_instance = nullptr;
            }
            cout << "~CGarhuishou()\n";
        }
    };
};

MyCAS *MyCAS::m_instance = nullptr;
once_flag MyCAS::g_flag;

void mythread()
{
    cout << "begin\n";
    MyCAS *p_a = MyCAS::GetInstance();
    p_a->func();
    cout << "end\n";
}

int main()
{
    {
        thread t1(mythread);
        thread t2(mythread);
        t1.join();
        t2.join();
    }
    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.8 condition_variable、wait、notify_one与notify_all

17.8.1 条件变量condition_variable、wait与notify_one

条件变量用于线程中等待一个条件满足(其它线程通知)时,继续往下执行。
condition_variable,条件相关的类,用于等待一个条件达成。

17.8.1-1.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
using namespace std;

#define N 5
class A
{
public:
    void inMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            unique_lock<mutex> g(m);
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(i);
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(20));
        }
    }

    void outMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        int command;
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            bool result = outMsgLULProc(command);
            if (result)
                cout << "do something" << endl;
            else
                cout << "empty" << endl;
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
        }
    }

private:
    //双重锁定或者双重检查
    bool outMsgLULProc(int &command)
    {
        if (!msgRecvQueue.empty())
        {
            unique_lock<mutex> g(m);
            if (!msgRecvQueue.empty())
            {
                command = msgRecvQueue.front();
                msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

private:
    list<int> msgRecvQueue;
    mutex m;
};

int main()
{
    {
        A a;

        thread outObj(&A::outMsgRecvQueue, &a);
        thread inObj(&A::inMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a));
        inObj.join();
        outObj.join();
    }
    cout << "main over" << endl;

    return 0;
}

17.8.1-2.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <condition_variable>
using namespace std;

#define N 5
class A
{
public:
    void inMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            unique_lock<mutex> g(m);
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(i);
            g.unlock();//

            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(2));
            
            cond.notify_one();

        }
    }
    void outMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            unique_lock<mutex> g(m);
            // cond.wait(g)等价于cond.wait(g, []{ return false; });

            // lambda表达式返回true,wait直接返回;
            // lambda表达式返回false,wait将解锁互斥并堵塞到这行,直到其它线程调用notify。
            // wait第二次参数是个可调用对象
            //[this|&]()或者[this|&]
            cond.wait(g, [&]{ return !msgRecvQueue.empty(); });

            int command = msgRecvQueue.front();//肯定有数据
            msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
            g.unlock(); // unique_lock可以随时解锁,以免锁住太长时间。

            cout << "do something" << endl;
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(1));
        }
    }

private:
    list<int> msgRecvQueue;
    mutex m;
    condition_variable cond;
};

int main()
{
    {
        A a;
        thread inObj(&A::inMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a));
        thread outObj(&A::outMsgRecvQueue, &a);
        outObj.join();
        inObj.join();
    }
    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.8.2 wait与notify思考

notify不能确保wait一定拿到锁,notify后wait线程不一定唤醒,notify线程可能又抢到锁。

无wait执行时,notify无任何效果。

17.8.3 notify_all

notify_one()只唤醒一个wait线程,notify_all()唤醒所有wait线程。

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <vector>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <condition_variable>
using namespace std;

#define N 5
class A
{
public:
    void inMsgRecvQueue(int n)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            {
                unique_lock<mutex> g(m);
                msgRecvQueue.push_back(i + 1);
                // g.unlock();
            }

            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(2));

            cond.notify_all();
        }

        //生产结束,消息队列放入0
        unique_lock<mutex> g(m);
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(0);
        g.unlock();

        cond.notify_all();
        cout << "inMsgRecvQueue over" << endl;
    }

    void outMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        while (true)
        {
            unique_lock<mutex> g(m);
            cond.wait(g, [&]{ return !msgRecvQueue.empty(); });

            int command = msgRecvQueue.front();
            msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
            g.unlock();

            if (command == 0) //消息队列放入0,跳出循环
                break;

            cout << "do something" << endl;
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(1));
        }

        cout << "outMsgRecvQueue over" << endl;
    }

private:
    list<int> msgRecvQueue;
    mutex m;
    condition_variable cond;
};

int main()
{
    {
        A a;
        int n = 5;

        vector<thread> threads(n);
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            threads[i] = thread(&A::outMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a));

        thread inObj(&A::inMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a), n);
        inObj.join();

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            threads[i].join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.9 async、future、packaged_task和promise

17.9.1 std::async和std::future创建后台任务并返回值

  1. std::async和std::future的用法
    std::async是一个函数模板,用来启用一个异步任务(自动创建一个新线程【有时不会】并开始执行对应的线程入口函数),返回一个std::future对象(类模板,含有线程入口函数的返回结果)。
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
using namespace std;

int mythread(){
    cout<<this_thread::get_id()<<" start"<<endl;
    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
    cout<<this_thread::get_id()<<" end"<<endl;
    return 5;
}

int main()
{
    {
        future<int> result = async(mythread);
        result.wait();//只等待线程返回,本身不返回结果。
        cout<<result.get()<<endl;//卡在这里,等待子线程结束,只能调用一次。
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
    int mythread(int n)
    {
        cout << n << endl;
        cout << this_thread::get_id() << " start" << endl;
        this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
        cout << this_thread::get_id() << " end" << endl;
        return 5;
    }
};

int main()
{
    {
        A a;
        int n = 12;
        future<int> result = async(&A::mythread, &a, n);
        result.wait();                //只等待线程返回,本身不返回结果。
        cout << result.get() << endl; //卡在这里,等待子线程结束,只能调用一次。
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}
  1. std::async额外参数详解

(1)launch::deferred
线程入口函数执行延迟到wait货get函数调用(此时未创建新线程),无调用则线程不执行。

auto result = async(launch::deferred, &A::mythread, &a, n);

(2)launch::async
创建时就立即执行(异步任务在新线程执行)。

auto result = async(launch::deferred, &A::mythread, &a, n);

(3)launch::deferred | launch::async
系统自行决定同步(无新线程)或异步(创建新线程)。

(4)无额外参数,同(3)

  1. std::async和std::thread的区别
    thread不容易拿到线程返回值,一般通过指针;
    async通过future拿到。
    thread创建线程太多,可能失败或崩溃;async一般不会。

  2. std::async不确定性问题的解决
    同步或异步。

17.9.2 std::packaged_task

类模板,模板参数是各种可调用对象,packaged_task将对象包装起来,方便作为线程入口函数使用。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
using namespace std;

int mythread(int n)
{
    cout << n << endl;
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " start" << endl;
    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " end" << endl;
    return 5;
}

int main()
{
    {
        packaged_task<int(int)> mypt(mythread);

        thread t(ref(mypt), 1);

        future<int> result = mypt.get_future();
        cout<<result.get()<<endl;

        t.join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    {
        packaged_task<int(int)> mypt([](int n) {       
            cout << n << endl;
            cout << this_thread::get_id() << " start" << endl;
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
            cout << this_thread::get_id() << " end" << endl;
            return 5; });

        thread t(ref(mypt), 1);

        future<int> result = mypt.get_future();
        cout << result.get() << endl;

        t.join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

packaged_task包装起来的对象可以直接调用,packaged_task对象也是一个可调用对象。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    cout << "main id " << this_thread::get_id()  << endl;
    {
        packaged_task<int(int)> mypt([](int n) {       
            cout << n << endl;
            cout << this_thread::get_id() << " start" << endl;
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
            cout << this_thread::get_id() << " end" << endl;
            return 5; });

        //thread t(ref(mypt), 1);
        mypt(105);
        future<int> result = mypt.get_future();
        cout << result.get() << endl;

        //t.join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    cout << "main id " << this_thread::get_id()  << endl;
    {
        packaged_task<int(int)> mypt([](int n) {       
            cout << n << endl;
            cout << this_thread::get_id() << " start" << endl;
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
            cout << this_thread::get_id() << " end" << endl;
            return 5; });

        vector<packaged_task<int(int)>> mytasks;
        mytasks.push_back(std::move(mypt));
        packaged_task<int(int)> mypt2;
        auto iter = mytasks.begin();
        mypt2=std::move(*iter);
        mytasks.erase(iter);

        mypt2(105);

        future<int> result = mypt2.get_future();
        cout << result.get() << endl;


    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.9.3 std::promise

类模板,某个线程中赋值,其它线程中取值。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

void mythread(promise<int> &tmp, int n)
{
    cout << n << endl;
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " start" << endl;

    tmp.set_value(n*10);
    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " end" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    cout << "main id " << this_thread::get_id() << endl;
    {
        promise<int> prog;
        thread t(mythread, std::ref(prog), 11);
        

        future<int> result = prog.get_future();
        cout << result.get() << endl;

        t.join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

void mythread(promise<int> &tmp, int n)
{
    cout << n << endl;
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " start" << endl;

    tmp.set_value(n * 10);
    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " end" << endl;
}

void mythread2(future<int> &tmp)
{
    cout << tmp.get() << endl;//get只能调用一次
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " start" << endl;

    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " end" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    cout << "main id " << this_thread::get_id() << endl;
    {
        promise<int> prog;
        thread t1(mythread, std::ref(prog), 11);
        t1.join();

        future<int> result = prog.get_future();
        // cout << result.get() << endl;//get只能调用一次

        thread t2(mythread2, std::ref(result));
        t2.join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.10 future其它成员函数、shared_future与atomic

17.10.1 std::future其它成员函数

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int mythread()
{
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " start" << endl;

    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " end" << endl;
    return 5;
}

int main()
{
    cout << "main id " << this_thread::get_id() << endl;
    {
        future<int> result = async(mythread);
        // future<int> result = async(launch::deferred, mythread);

        future_status status = result.wait_for(chrono::microseconds(8));
        switch (status)
        {
        case future_status::timeout: //超时未执行完
            cout << result.get() << endl;
            break;
        case future_status::ready: //执行完
            cout << result.get() << endl;
            break;
        case future_status::deferred: //延迟未执行
            cout << result.get() << endl;
            break;
        }
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.10.2 续谈std::async不确定性问题

//异步执行
future<int> result = async(launch::async, mythread);

17.10.3 std::shared_future

future移动语义,get只能调用一次;
shared_future数据复制非转移,get可调用多次。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int mythread(int n)
{
    cout << n << endl;

    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " start" << endl;

    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " end" << endl;
    return 5;
}

void mythread2(shared_future<int> &tmp)
{

    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " start" << endl;

    cout << tmp.get() << endl;
    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::microseconds(10));
    cout << this_thread::get_id() << " end" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    cout << "main id " << this_thread::get_id() << endl;
    {
        packaged_task<int(int)> mypt(mythread);

        thread t1(ref(mypt), 1);
        t1.join();

        future<int> result = mypt.get_future();
        bool ifcanget = result.valid(); //未调用过get,true
        // auto mythreadresult = result.get();//只能get一次
        // ifcanget = result.valid();//get后,false

        // result未调用get,将result内容放在shared_future中,future空了
        shared_future<int> result_s(move(result));
        // shared_future<int> result_s(result.share());//同上

        ifcanget = result.valid();   // false,furure空了
        ifcanget = result_s.valid(); // true,shared_future有内容

        //可以多次调用get
        auto mythreadresult = result_s.get();
        mythreadresult = result_s.get();

        thread t2(mythread2, ref(result_s));
        t2.join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}
int main()
{
    cout << "main id " << this_thread::get_id() << endl;
    {
        packaged_task<int(int)> mypt(mythread);

        thread t1(ref(mypt), 1);
        t1.join();
        
        shared_future<int> result_s(mypt.get_future());
        // shared_future<int> result_s(result.share());//同上


        //可以多次调用get
        auto mythreadresult = result_s.get();
        mythreadresult = result_s.get();

        thread t2(mythread2, ref(result_s));
        t2.join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.10.4 原子操作std::atomic

一种不需要用到互斥量加锁(无锁)技术的多线程并发编程方式,在多线程中不会被打断的程序执行片段,效率更高。
互斥量加锁针对一个代码段(几行代码),原子操作针对一个变量。
原子操作指不可分割的操作,操作的状态要么完成,要么没完成。

std::atomic<int> count = 0;
void mythread(){
	for(int i=0; i<1000; i++){
		count++;
		count += 1;
		//count = count + 1;//非原子操作
	}
}
++--+=-=&=|=^=等简单运算符是原子操作
std::atomic<bool> flag = false;

17.11 Windows临界区与其它各种mutex互斥量

17.11.1 Windows临界区

#include <windows.h>

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
using namespace std;

#define __WINDOWSLJQ__

#define N 5
class A
{
public:
    A()
    {
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
        InitializeCriticalSection(&winsec);
#endif
    }

    virtual ~A()
    {
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
        DeleteCriticalSection(&winsec);
#endif
    }

public:
    void inMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
            EnterCriticalSection(&winsec);
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(i);
            LeaveCriticalSection(&winsec);
#else
            mtx.lock();
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(i);
            mtx.unlock();
#endif
        }
    }
    void outMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        int command;
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            bool result = outMsgLULProc(command);
            if (!result)
                cout << "empty" << endl;
            else
                cout << "do something" << endl;
        }
    }

private:
    bool outMsgLULProc(int &command)
    {

#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
        EnterCriticalSection(&winsec);
        if (!msgRecvQueue.empty())
        {
            command = msgRecvQueue.front();
            msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
            LeaveCriticalSection(&winsec);
            return true;
        }
        LeaveCriticalSection(&winsec);
#else
        mtx.lock();
        if (!msgRecvQueue.empty())
        {
            command = msgRecvQueue.front();
            msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
            mtx.unlock();
            return true;
        }
        mtx.unlock();
#endif
        return false;
    }

private:
    list<int> msgRecvQueue;
    mutex mtx;
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
    CRITICAL_SECTION winsec;
#endif
};

int main()
{
    {
        A a;

        thread outObj(&A::outMsgRecvQueue, &a);
        thread inObj(&A::inMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a));
        inObj.join();
        outObj.join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.11.2 多次进入临界区试验

临界区,需要在多线程编程中进行保护的共享数据相关的代码行(区域)。

#include <windows.h>

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
using namespace std;

#define __WINDOWSLJQ__

#define N 5
class A
{
public:
    A()
    {
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
        InitializeCriticalSection(&winsec);
#endif
    }

    virtual ~A()
    {
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
        DeleteCriticalSection(&winsec);
#endif
    }

public:
    void inMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
            EnterCriticalSection(&winsec); //进入临界区
            EnterCriticalSection(&winsec); //调用两次
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(i);
            LeaveCriticalSection(&winsec); //离开临界区
            LeaveCriticalSection(&winsec); //也要调用两次
#else
            mtx.lock();
            // mtx.lock();//error
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(i);
            mtx.unlock();
            // mtx.unlock();//error
#endif
        }
    }
    void outMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        int command;
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            bool result = outMsgLULProc(command);
            if (!result)
                cout << "empty" << endl;
            else
                cout << "do something" << endl;
        }
    }

private:
    bool outMsgLULProc(int &command)
    {

#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
        EnterCriticalSection(&winsec);
        if (!msgRecvQueue.empty())
        {
            command = msgRecvQueue.front();
            msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
            LeaveCriticalSection(&winsec);
            return true;
        }
        LeaveCriticalSection(&winsec);
#else
        mtx.lock();
        if (!msgRecvQueue.empty())
        {
            command = msgRecvQueue.front();
            msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
            mtx.unlock();
            return true;
        }
        mtx.unlock();
#endif
        return false;
    }

private:
    list<int> msgRecvQueue;
    mutex mtx;
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
    CRITICAL_SECTION winsec;
#endif
};

int main()
{
    {
        A a;

        thread outObj(&A::outMsgRecvQueue, &a);
        thread inObj(&A::inMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a));
        inObj.join();
        outObj.join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.11.3 自动析构技术

RAII(Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)类与对象,资源获取即初始化。构造函数中初始化资源,析构函数中释放资源。只能指针、容器等用到。

#include <windows.h>

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
using namespace std;

#define __WINDOWSLJQ__

class CWinLock
{
public:
    CWinLock(CRITICAL_SECTION *p) : critical(p)
    {
        EnterCriticalSection(critical); //进入临界区
    }
    ~CWinLock()
    {

        LeaveCriticalSection(critical); //离开临界区
    }

private:
    CRITICAL_SECTION *critical;
};

#define N 5
class A
{
public:
    A()
    {
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
        InitializeCriticalSection(&winsec);
#endif
    }

    virtual ~A()
    {
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
        DeleteCriticalSection(&winsec);
#endif
    }

public:
    void inMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
            CWinLock wlock1(&winsec);
            CWinLock wlock2(&winsec); //调用多次没问题
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(i);
#else
            lock_guard<mutex> g1(mtx);
            // lock_guard<mutex> g2(mtx);//error
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(i);
#endif
        }
    }
    void outMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        int command;
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            bool result = outMsgLULProc(command);
            if (!result)
                cout << "empty" << endl;
            else
                cout << "do something" << endl;
        }
    }

private:
    bool outMsgLULProc(int &command)
    {

#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
        EnterCriticalSection(&winsec);
        if (!msgRecvQueue.empty())
        {
            command = msgRecvQueue.front();
            msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
            LeaveCriticalSection(&winsec);
            return true;
        }
        LeaveCriticalSection(&winsec);
#else
        mtx.lock();
        if (!msgRecvQueue.empty())
        {
            command = msgRecvQueue.front();
            msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
            mtx.unlock();
            return true;
        }
        mtx.unlock();
#endif
        return false;
    }

private:
    list<int> msgRecvQueue;
    mutex mtx;
#ifdef __WINDOWSLJQ__
    CRITICAL_SECTION winsec;
#endif
};

int main()
{
    {
        A a;

        thread outObj(&A::outMsgRecvQueue, &a);
        thread inObj(&A::inMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a));
        inObj.join();
        outObj.join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}

17.11.4 recursive_mutex递归的独占互斥量

允许同一个线程多次调用同一个recursive_mutex的lock成员函数,mutex的lock不允许连续多次调用。

class A{
public:
	void test1(){
		lock_guard<recursive_mutex > g(mtx);
	}
	void test2(){
		lock_guard<recursive_mutex > g(mtx);
		test1();
	}
private:
	recursive_mutex mtx;
};

17.11.5 带超时的互斥量std::timed_mutx和std::recursive_timed_mutex

std::timed_mutx带超时功能的独占互斥锁;std::recursive_timed_mutex带超时功能的递归的独占互斥锁。

std::timed_mutx mtx;
for(int i=0; i<1000; i++){
	chrono::milliseconds timeout(100);
	if(mtx.try_lock_for(timeout)){
	//if(mtx.try_lock_until(chrono::steady_clock::now() + timeout)){
		//....
		mtx.unlock();
	}else{
		this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(300));
	}
}

17.12 补充知识、线程池浅谈、数量谈与总结

17.12.1 知识点补充

  1. 虚假唤醒

wait线程醒来后没有实际可供处理的数据,叫虚假唤醒。
比如,push_back一条数据,调用多次notify_one,或者多个线程取数据,总有个线程唤醒后,但队列中没有数据可处理。

一般while替换if。

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <vector>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <condition_variable>
using namespace std;

#define N 5
class A
{
public:
    void inMsgRecvQueue(int n)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            {
                unique_lock<mutex> g(m);
                msgRecvQueue.push_back(i + 1);
                // g.unlock();
            }

            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(2));

            cond.notify_all();
        }

        //生产结束,消息队列放入0
        unique_lock<mutex> g(m);
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            msgRecvQueue.push_back(0);
        g.unlock();

        cond.notify_all();
        cout << "inMsgRecvQueue over" << endl;
    }

    void outMsgRecvQueue()
    {
        while (true)
        {
            unique_lock<mutex> g(m);
            //cond.wait(g, [&]{ return !msgRecvQueue.empty(); });
            while(msgRecvQueue.empty())
                cond.wait(g);

            int command = msgRecvQueue.front();
            msgRecvQueue.pop_front();
            g.unlock();

            if (command == 0) //消息队列放入0,跳出循环
                break;

            cout << "do something" << endl;
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(1));
        }

        cout << "outMsgRecvQueue over" << endl;
    }

private:
    list<int> msgRecvQueue;
    mutex m;
    condition_variable cond;
};

int main()
{
    {
        A a;
        int n = 5;

        vector<thread> threads(n);
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            threads[i] = thread(&A::outMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a));

        thread inObj(&A::inMsgRecvQueue, std::ref(a), n);
        inObj.join();

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            threads[i].join();
    }

    cout << "main over" << endl;
    return 0;
}
  1. atomic的进一步理解

atomic禁用拷贝构造函数和复制赋值运算符。

atomic<int> atm1;
atm1 = 0;


atomic<int> atm3;
//atm3 = atm1;//error

atomic<int> atm5(atm1.load());
atm5.store(12);
atm5 = 12;

17.12.2 线程池浅谈

程序中偶尔达成某种条件时就创建一个线程,不够稳定。
线程池将一堆线程放在一起,进行统一的管理调度。

17.12.3 线程创建数量谈

一般2000各左右线程就是极限,一个进程线程数不要超过500,200以内最好。

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