《C++新经典对象模型》之第7章 模板实例化语义学
7.1 模板及其实例化详细分析
7.1.1 函数模板
template <class T>
T funcadd(const T &a, const T &b)
{
T addhe = a + b;
return addhe;
}
cout<<funcadd(12, 14)<<endl;
//dumpbin
//nm
编译器编译时根据funcadd的调用来确定函数模板中T的类型。
int funcadd(int const &, int const &);
7.1.2 类模板的实例化分析
template <class T>
struct ATPL
{
T m_i, m_j;
ATPL(T tmpi = 0, T tmpj = 0)
: m_i(tmpi), m_j(tmpj) {}
};
- 类模板中的枚举类型
template <class T>
struct ATPL
{
enum ECURRSTATUS
{
E_CS_Busy,
E_CS_Free,
};
T m_i, m_j;
ATPL(T tmpi = 0, T tmpj = 0)
: m_i(tmpi), m_j(tmpj) {}
};
ATPL<int>::ECURRSTATUS myenum = ATPL<int>::E_CS_Busy;
ATPL<int>::ECURRSTATUS myenum2 = ATPL<int>::E_CS_Free;
ATPL<double>::ECURRSTATUS myenum3 = ATPL<double>::E_CS_Free;
- 类模板中的静态成员变量
template <class T>
struct ATPL
{
T m_i, m_j;
ATPL(T tmpi = 0, T tmpj = 0)
: m_i(tmpi), m_j(tmpj) {}
static int m_sti;
static T m_sti2;
};
template <class T>
int ATPL<T>::m_sti = 10;
template <class T>
T ATPL<T>::m_sti2 = 10;//必须要和10兼容的类型
ATPL<int>::m_sti = 18;
cout << ATPL<int>::m_sti << endl;
ATPL<float>::m_sti = 21;
cout << ATPL<float>::m_sti << endl;
//ATPL<string>::m_sti2;//error
ATPL<int>::m_sti2 = 132;
cout << ATPL<int>::m_sti2 << endl;
ATPL<float>::m_sti2 = 1050.5;
cout << ATPL<float>::m_sti2 << endl;
- 类模板的实例化
template <class T>
struct ATPL
{
T m_i, m_j;
ATPL(T tmpi = 0, T tmpj = 0)
: m_i(tmpi), m_j(tmpj) {}
};
ATPL<int> *pobj = nullptr;//未实例化类
const ATPL<int> &yobj = 0; // 因为构造函数允许缺省参数,这里有隐式类型转换
//等价于
//ATPL<int> tmpobj(0);
//const ATPL<int> &yobj = tmpobj;
- 成员函数的实例化
template <class T>
struct ATPL
{
T m_i, m_j;
ATPL(T tmpi = 0, T tmpj = 0)
: m_i(tmpi), m_j(tmpj) {}
void func1() const { cout << "ATPL::func1()" << endl; }
void func2() const { cout << "ATPL::func2()" << endl; }
};
const ATPL<int> &yobj = 0;
yobj.func1();//成员函数调用时,才会实例化出成员函数
7.1.3 多个源文件中使用类模板
- mytemplate.h
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
T funadd(const T &a, const T &b)
{
T addhe = a + b;
return addhe;
}
template <class T>
struct ATPL
{
enum ECURRSTATUS
{
E_CS_Busy,
E_CS_Free,
};
T m_i, m_j;
ATPL(T tmpi = 0, T tmpj = 0)
: m_i(tmpi), m_j(tmpj) {}
static int m_sti;
static T m_sti2;
void func1() const { cout << "ATPL::func1()" << endl; }
void func2() const { cout << "ATPL::func2()" << endl; }
};
template <class T>
int ATPL<T>::m_sti = 10;
template <class T>
T ATPL<T>::m_sti2 = 10;
- MyProject.cpp
#include "mytemplate.h"
void myfunc()
{
ATPL<int> myobj;//即使没调用myfunc()函数,也会实例化ATPL<int>类
myobj.m_sti2 = 18;
cout << myobj.m_sti2 << endl;
}
- myfunc.cpp
#include "mytemplate.h"
int ftest()
{
ATPL<int> myobj;//即使没调用myfunc()函数,也会实例化ATPL<int>类
myobj.m_sti2 = 21;
cout << myobj.m_sti2 << endl;
return 15;
}
编译时可能多个.obj文件产生了多个相同的ATPL类,但链接时只保留一个ATPL类实体,其余忽略掉。
- 虚函数的实例化
template <class T>
struct ATPL
{
enum ECURRSTATUS
{
E_CS_Busy,
E_CS_Free,
};
T m_i, m_j;
ATPL(T tmpi = 0, T tmpj = 0)
: m_i(tmpi), m_j(tmpj) {}
static int m_sti;
static T m_sti2;
void func1() const { cout << "ATPL::func1()" << endl; }
void func2() const { cout << "ATPL::func2()" << endl; }
virtual void virfunc1() { cout << "ATPL::virfunc1()" << endl; }
virtual void virfunc2() { cout << "ATPL::virfunc2()" << endl; }
};
template <class T>
int ATPL<T>::m_sti = 10;
template <class T>
T ATPL<T>::m_sti2 = 10;
类模板存在虚函数时,会实例化所以虚函数,即使未调用。
虚函数,产生虚函数表,虚函数表需要放置各个虚函数的地址,所以实例化出所以虚函数。
- 显示实例化
//.cpp文件中
template class ATPL<double>;
类模板的显示实例化,所有内容(类、成员函数、虚函数、静态成员变量等)都实例化出来,无论是否调用。
//.cpp文件中
template void ATPL<double>::func2() const;
实例化单独的成员函数,类并未实例化。
07.01.cpp
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
T funadd(const T &a, const T &b)
{
T addhe = a + b;
return addhe;
}
template <class T>
struct ATPL
{
enum ECURRSTATUS
{
E_CS_Busy,
E_CS_Free,
};
T m_i, m_j;
ATPL(T tmpi = 0, T tmpj = 0) : m_i(tmpi), m_j(tmpj) {}
static int m_sti;
static T m_sti2;
void func1() const { cout << "ATPL::func1()" << endl; }
void func2() const { cout << "ATPL::func2()" << endl; }
virtual void virfunc1() { cout << "ATPL::virfunc1()" << endl; }
virtual void virfunc2() { cout << "ATPL::virfunc2()" << endl; }
};
template <class T>
int ATPL<T>::m_sti = 10;
template <class T>
T ATPL<T>::m_sti2 = 10;
void myfunc()
{
ATPL<int> myobj;
myobj.m_sti2 = 18;
cout << myobj.m_sti2 << endl;
}
int main()
{
cout << funadd(12, 14) << endl;
{
ATPL<int>::ECURRSTATUS myenum = ATPL<int>::E_CS_Busy;
ATPL<int>::ECURRSTATUS myenum2 = ATPL<int>::E_CS_Free;
ATPL<double>::ECURRSTATUS myenum3 = ATPL<double>::E_CS_Free;
}
{
ATPL<int>::m_sti = 18;
cout << ATPL<int>::m_sti << endl;
ATPL<float>::m_sti = 21;
cout << ATPL<float>::m_sti << endl;
ATPL<int>::m_sti2 = 132;
cout << ATPL<int>::m_sti2 << endl;
ATPL<float>::m_sti2 = 1050.5;
cout << ATPL<float>::m_sti2 << endl;
}
ATPL<int> *pobj = nullptr;
{
const ATPL<int> &yobj = 0; // 因为构造函数允许缺省参数,这里有隐式类型转换
yobj.func1();
}
cout << sizeof(ATPL<int>) << endl;
cout << "Over!\n";
return 0;
}
7.2 炫技写法
7.2.1 不能被继承的类
- 使用final关键字
- 友元函数+虚继承(友元破坏封装,虚继承消耗大)
class A
{
private:
A() {}
friend class B; // B可以调用A的私有构造函数
};
class B : virtual public A // 虚继承A
{
public:
int m_b;
};
// 虚基类A的构造函数由孙子类C调用
// 但虚基类A的构造函数私有,只有友元类B能调用,孙子类C无法调用
// 无法创建C类,即B类无法被继承
class C : public B
{
public:
int m_c;
};
{
B myobjb;
myobjb.m_b = 15;
// C myobjc;
// myobjc.m_c = 20;
}
7.2.2 类外调用私有虚成员函数
class A2
{
private:
virtual void virfunc()
{
myfunc();
}
void myfunc()
{
cout << "A::myfunc()" << endl;
}
};
{
A2 aobj;
(reinterpret_cast<void (*)()>(**(long ***)(&aobj)))();
//通过虚函数表指针调用虚函数
//long*** pvptr = (long ***)&aobj;
//long** vptr = *pvptr;
//typedef void(*Func)();
//Func f = (Func)*vptr;
//f();
}
07.02.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
private:
A() {}
friend class B; // B可以调用A的私有构造函数
};
class B : virtual public A // 虚继承A
{
public:
int m_b;
};
// 虚基类A的构造函数由孙子类C调用
// 但虚基类A的构造函数私有,只有友元类B能调用,孙子类C无法调用
// 无法创建C类,即B类无法被继承
class C : public B
{
public:
int m_c;
};
class A2
{
private:
virtual void virfunc()
{
myfunc();
}
void myfunc()
{
cout << "A::myfunc()" << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
{
B myobjb;
myobjb.m_b = 15;
// C myobjc;
// myobjc.m_c = 20;
}
{
A2 aobj;
(reinterpret_cast<void (*)()>(**(long ***)(&aobj)))();
// 通过虚函数表指针调用虚函数
// long*** pvptr = (long ***)&aobj;
// long** vptr = *pvptr;
// typedef void(*Func)();
// Func f = (Func)*vptr;
// f();
}
cout << "Over!\n";
return 0;
}