Git 如何压缩 commit

今天同事突然问我，由于在给同事的开源项目提 pr 的时候，自己比较长时间没有 rebase 的同事的项目 master 分支了，而自己提交的 commit 又很多，有些 commit 又是实验性质的，乱七八糟的（其实就是没有用熟 git…），还有不少和同事的代码冲突了。提交代码的时候，同事要求精简一下 commit 否则其他人在看项目的演进的时候会一头雾水的。

我认为同事说的是对的，当然也存在一个问题就是同事没有用熟 git，因为在我们在版本管理的时候，其实每个 commit 都是有一定意义的，commit 不应该成为实验性质的一个动作。

回到同事的问题，「精简一下 commit」，那么好几个 commit 如何进行压缩呢？当然是有办法的。

下图是为了演示所提交的三个 commit。

* commit c4bf6724a039b524edeca2489086fbed0c4b5a0d
| Author: Oscar <runzhliu@163.com>
| Date:   Mon Jun 11 11:02:33 2018 +0800
|
|     [add] third commit
|
* commit a7e9aa4654e7f7d99ba530211e056a55314a3fff
| Author: Oscar <runzhliu@163.com>
| Date:   Mon Jun 11 11:01:35 2018 +0800
|
|     [add] second commit
|
* commit 0350222da791e26d07a4e77060709700cb48608d
  Author: Oscar <runzhliu@163.com>
  Date:   Mon Jun 11 11:01:17 2018 +0800

      [add] first commit

可以利用 git rebase 来实现本文所说的压缩 commit。-i 是代表 let the user edit the list of commits to rebase，这是在 git rebase -h 抄过来的，所以为什么是 -i 呢？就是因为我们需要编辑之前提交过的 commit。

➜  git-compress git:(master) git rebase -i <指定的 commit>

当我们指定到第一个 commit 的时候，我们可以编辑 a7e9aa4 还有 c4bf672 两个节点。具体命令的含义，在操作的清单上已经列举没明显了，有兴趣的可以逐个命令进行测试。这里我选择 squash。

pick a7e9aa4 [add] second commit
pick c4bf672 [add] third commit

# Rebase 0350222..c4bf672 onto 0350222 (2 commands)
#
# Commands:
# p, pick = use commit
# r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message
# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending
# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
# f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message
# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
# d, drop = remove commit
#
# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.
#
# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.
#
# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.
#
# Note that empty commits are commented out

以下是编辑最后的情况，把第三个节点压缩到第二个节点，并且保留第二个节点。

pick a7e9aa4 [add] second commit
squash c4bf672 [add] third commit

# Rebase 0350222..c4bf672 onto 0350222 (2 commands)
#
# Commands:
# p, pick = use commit
# r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message
# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending
# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
# f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message
# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
# d, drop = remove commit
#
# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.
#
# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.
#
# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.
#
# Note that empty commits are commented out

压缩完后，需要重新编辑一下 commit 信息。

# This is a combination of 2 commits.
# This is the 1st commit message:

[add] second commit

# This is the commit message #2:

[add] third commit

# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
#
# Date:      Mon Jun 11 11:01:35 2018 +0800
#
# interactive rebase in progress; onto 0350222
# Last commands done (2 commands done):
#    pick a7e9aa4 [add] second commit
#    squash c4bf672 [add] third commit
# No commands remaining.
# You are currently editing a commit while rebasing branch 'master' on '0350222'.
#
# Changes to be committed:
#       new file:   b.txt
#       new file:   c.txt
#

最后压缩成功的提示。

➜  git-compress git:(master) git rebase -i 0350222da791e26d07a4e77060709700cb48608d
[detached HEAD 51c5f09] [add] second commit
 Date: Mon Jun 11 11:01:35 2018 +0800
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 b.txt
 create mode 100644 c.txt
Successfully rebased and updated refs/heads/master.

自此，就完成了压缩多个「无意义」节点的需求了。操作简单，但是在我看来这不应该成为经常性的操作。因为在提交代码的时候，为了展示更加清晰的演进图，应该处理好自己的 commit 信息，主动去避免冗余。