【Groovy编程技术指南】Groovy脚本开发技术基础教程与入门经典

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-01 02:01:18 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-05-01 02:01:18 发布

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分类专栏： Android开发文章标签： groovy groovy脚本技术开发脚本语言动态语言

原文链接：http://blog.csdn.net/yanbober

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1 背景

Groovy脚本基于Java且拓展了Java，所以从某种程度来说掌握Java是学习Groovy的前提，故本文适用于不熟悉Groovy却想快速得到Groovy核心基础干货的Java开发者（注意是Java），因为我的目的不是深入学习Groovy语言，所以本文基本都是靠代码来解释，这样最直观，同时也够干货基础入门Groovy的特点和结构。

开始介绍前先给一个大法，《官方权威指南》英文好的可以直接略过本文后续内容，我需要的只是Groovy皮毛；再次向Groovy的标志致敬，左手一个Java，右手一个Groovy，不好意思，我技术水平太Low了（T–T__《琅琊榜》看多了！！！）。

这里写图片描述

Groovy是一种动态语言，它和Java类似（算是Java的升级版，但是又具备脚本语言的特点），都在Java虚拟机中运行。当运行Groovy脚本时它会先被编译成Java类字节码，然后通过JVM虚拟机执行这个Java字节码类。

快速安装指南：

安装Groovy在各种Bash下都是通用的，具体如下命令就可搞定：

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>curl -s get.sdkman.io | bash
<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>source <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"$HOME/.sdkman/bin/sdkman-init.sh"</span>
<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>sdk install groovy
<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>groovy -version
/<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/至此就可以享用了！</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

我们在写Groovy代码时可以直接使用自己喜欢的文本编辑器编辑OK以后以.groovy后缀保存，然后在终端执行如下命令即可运行：

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>groovy ./<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">TestFile</span>.groovy</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

或者我们可以通过groovyConsole来进行groovy代码开发运行（由于不需要特别深入学习使用Groovy，所以个人非常喜欢这种模式的开发运行），如下图：

这里写图片描述

再或者我们还可以使用Intellij IDEA等工具安装groovy插件进行groovy开发，这里不再一一叙述了（配置环境点我），直接给出一个读取指定文件内容打印的例子，如下：

这里写图片描述

OK，有了上面这些简单粗暴的基础和环境之后那我们快速开战吧。

【工匠若水 http://blog.csdn.net/yanbober 转载请注明出处。点我开始Android技术交流】

2 语法基础

这里开始我们就来快速简单粗暴的了解一下Groovy语法，其实和Java类似，但也有些区别，下面我们一步一步来看吧，切记对比学习，这才是秘笈。

2-1 注释

Groovy的单行注释、多行注释、文档注释基本都和Java一样，没啥特殊的，不再细说。只有一种特殊的单行注释需要留意一下即可。如下：

<code class="hljs d has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-shebang" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">#!/usr/bin/env groovy</span>
println <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Hello from the shebang line"</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

这种注释通常是用来给UNIX系统声明允许脚本运行的类型的，一般都是固定写法，没啥讲究的。

2-2 关键字

Groovy有如下一些关键字，我们些代码命名时要注意：

as、assert、break、case、catch、class、const、continue、def、default、do、else、enum、extends、false、finally、for、goto、if、implements、import、in、instanceof、interface、new、null、package、return、super、switch、this、throw、throws、trait、true、try、while

这玩意和其他语言一样，没啥特殊的，自行脑补。

2-3 标识符

对于Groovy的标示符和Java还是有些共同点和区别的，特别是引用标示符的区别，具体可以往下看。

2-3-1 普通标识符

普通标识符定义和C语言类似，只能以字母、美元符、下划线开始，不能以数字开头。如下例子：

<code class="hljs scala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//正确</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> name
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> $name
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> name_type
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> foo.assert
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//错误</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">type</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> a+b</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

2-3-2 引用标识符

引用标识符出现在点后的表达式中，我们可以如下一样使用：

<code class="hljs vhdl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">def <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span> = [:]
//引用标示符中出现空格也是对的
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span>.<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"an identifier with a space and double quotes"</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"ALLOWED"</span>
//引用标示符中出现横线也是对的
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span>.<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'with</span>-dash-signs-<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span>-single-quotes' = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"ALLOWED"</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span>.<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"an identifier with a space and double quotes"</span> == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"ALLOWED"</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span>.<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'with</span>-dash-signs-<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span>-single-quotes' == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"ALLOWED"</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

当然了，Groovy的所有字符串都可以当作引用标示符定义，如下：

<code class="hljs lasso has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//如下类型字符串作为引用标识符都是对的</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'single quote'</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"double quote"</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">''</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'triple single quote'</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">''</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">""</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"triple double quote"</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">""</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>/slashy <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">string</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>$/dollar slashy <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">string</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/</span>$

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//稍微特殊的GString，也是对的</span>
def firstname <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">=</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Homer"</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Simson-${firstname}"</span> <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">=</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Homer Simson"</span>

assert <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">map</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Simson-Homer'</span> <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">==</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Homer Simson"</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li></ul>

2-4 字符及字符串

Groovy有java.lang.String和groovy.lang.GString两中字符串对象类型，具体如下细说。

2-4-1 单引号字符串

单引号字符串是java.lang.String类型的，不支持站位符插值操作，譬如：

<code class="hljs vhdl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">def name = <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'Test</span> Groovy!'
def <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">body</span> = <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'Test</span> $name'

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> name == <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'Test</span> Groovy!'
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">body</span> == <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'Test</span> $name'		//不会替换$name站位符</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

Groovy的字符串可以通过”+“直接拼接，譬如：

<code class="hljs rust has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'ab'</span> == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'a'</span> + <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'b'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

其中涉及转义字符规则同Java，只用特殊注意”’“的转义即可。

2-4-2 三重单引号字符串

三重单引号字符串是java.lang.String类型的，不支持站位符插值操作，可以标示多行字符串，譬如：

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> </span>aMultilineString = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">''</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'line one
line two
line three'</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">''</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

三重单引号字符串允许字符串的内容在多行出现，新的行被转换为“\n”，其他所有的空白字符都被完整的按照文本原样保留；字符开头添加“/”表示字符内容不转义反斜杠“\”，只有在反斜杠接下来是一个字符u的时候才需要进行转义，因为\u表示一个unicode转义。如下：

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> </span>strippedFirstNewline = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">''</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'\
line one
line two
line three
'</span><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">''</span>

assert !strippedFirstNewline.startsWith(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'\n'</span>)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

2-4-3 双引号字符串

双引号字符串支持站位插值操作，如果双引号字符串中不包含站位符则是java.lang.String类型的，如果双引号字符串中包含站位符则是groovy.lang.GString类型的。

对于插值占位符我们可以用${}或者$来标示，${}用于一般替代字串或者表达式，$主要用于A.B的形式中，具体如下例子：

<code class="hljs vhdl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">def name = <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'Guillaume</span>' // a plain <span class="hljs-typename" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">string</span>
def greeting = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Hello ${name}"</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> greeting.toString() == <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'Hello</span> Guillaume'

def sum = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"The sum of 2 and 3 equals ${2 + 3}"</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> sum.toString() == <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'The</span> sum <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">of</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">and</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span> equals <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>'

def person = [name: <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'Guillaume</span>', age: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">36</span>]
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"$person.name is $person.age years old"</span> == <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'Guillaume</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">is</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">36</span> years old'</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

特别注意，$只对A.B等有效，如果表达式包含括号（像方法调用）、大括号、闭包等符号则是无效的。譬如：

<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">def <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">number</span> = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.14</span>
shouldFail(MissingPropertyException) {
    println <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"$number.toString()"</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">
//该代码运行抛出groovy.lang.MissingPropertyException异常，因为Groovy认为去寻找number的名为toString的属性，所以异常</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

注意，在表达式中访问属性前必须保证属性已经定义好(值为空也可以)，如果使用了未定义的属性会抛出groovy.lang.MissingPropertyException异常。 GString还支持延迟运算，譬如在GString中使用闭包，闭包在调用GString的toString()方法时被延迟执行；闭包中可以有0或1个参数，若指定一个参数，则参数会被传入一个Writer对象，我们可以利用这个Writer对象来写入字符，若没有参数，闭包返回值的toString()方法被调用。譬如：

<code class="hljs rust has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//无参数闭包</span>
def sParameterLessClosure = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"1 + 2 == ${-> 3}"</span> 
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> sParameterLessClosure == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'1 + 2 == 3'</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//一个参数闭包</span>
def sOneParamClosure = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"1 + 2 == ${ w -> w << 3}"</span> 
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> sOneParamClosure == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'1 + 2 == 3'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

上面了解了GString的推迟运算特性，下面我们再来看一个牛逼的特性，如下：

<code class="hljs rust has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">def number = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> 
def eagerGString = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"value == ${number}"</span>
def lazyGString = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"value == ${ -> number }"</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> eagerGString == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"value == 1"</span> 
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> lazyGString ==  <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"value == 1"</span> 

number = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> 
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> eagerGString == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"value == 1"</span> 
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> lazyGString ==  <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"value == 2"</span> </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul>

可以看见，eagerGString是普通的双引号插值站位替换，lazyGString是双引号闭包插值替换，我们可以发现在number变为2以后他们的运算结果就有了差异。可以明显推理到结论，一个普通插值表达式值替换实际是在GString创建的时刻，一个包含闭包的表达式由于延迟运算调运toString()方法，所以会产生一个新的字符串值。

当然了，GString和String即使字符串一样他们的HashCode也不会一样，譬如：

<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">assert <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"one: ${1}"</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.hashCode</span>() != <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"one: 1"</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.hashCode</span>()</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

由于相同字符串的String与GString的HashCode不同，所以我们一定要避免使用GString作为MAP的key，譬如：

<code class="hljs scala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> key = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"a"</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> m = [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"${key}"</span>: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"letter ${key}"</span>]     

assert m[<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"a"</span>] == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>   <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//由于key的HashCode不同，所以取不到</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

其中涉及转义字符规则同Java，只用特殊注意””“的转义即可。

2-4-4 多重双引号字符串

多重双引号字符串也支持站位插值操作，我们要特别注意在多重双引号字符串中的单引号和双引号转换问题。譬如：

<code class="hljs scala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> name = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Groovy'</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> template = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"""
    Dear Mr ${name},

    You're the winner of the lottery!

    Yours sincerly,

    Dave
"""</span>

assert template.toString().contains(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Groovy'</span>)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

2-4-5 斜线字符串

斜线字符串其实和双引号字符串很类似，通常用在正则表达式中，下面我们看几个例子，如下：

<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">//普通使用
def fooPattern = /.*foo.*/
assert fooPattern == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'.*foo.*'</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">
//含转义字符使用</span>
def escapeSlash = /The <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">character</span> \/ is <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span> forward slash/
assert escapeSlash == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'The character / is a forward slash'</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">
//多行支持</span>
def multilineSlashy = /<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">one</span>
    <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">two</span>
    <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">three</span>/

assert multilineSlashy.<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">contains</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'\n'</span>)<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">
//含站位符使用支持</span>
def color = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'blue'</span>
def interpolatedSlashy = /<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span> ${color} car/

assert interpolatedSlashy == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'a blue car'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li></ul>

特别注意，一个空的斜线字符串会被Groovy解析器解析为一注释。

2-4-6 字符Characters

不像Java，Groovy没有明确的Characters。但是我们可以有如下三种不同的方式来将字符串作为字符处理，譬如：

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">char</span> c1 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'A'</span> 
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> c1 <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> Character

def c2 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'B'</span> as <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">char</span> 
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> c2 <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> Character

def c3 = (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">char</span>)<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'C'</span> 
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> c3 <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> Character</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

2-5 数字Numbers

Groovy支持各种类型的整型和数值类型，通常支持Java支持的那些，下面我们仔细来说说。

2-5-1 整型

Groovy像Java一样支持如下一些整型，byte、char、short、int、long、java.lang.BigInteger。我们在使用中可以像下面例子一样：

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// primitive types</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">byte</span>  b = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">char</span>  c = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">short</span> s = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>   i = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">long</span>  l = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// infinite precision</span>
BigInteger bi =  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>


<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> xInt = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">077</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> xInt == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">63</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> xInt = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0x77</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> xInt == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">119</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> xInt = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>b10101111
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> xInt == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">175</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li></ul>

2-5-2 浮点型

Groovy像Java一样支持如下一些浮点型，float、double、java.lang.BigDecimal。我们在使用中可以像下面例子一样：

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// primitive types</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">float</span>  f = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.234</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">double</span> d = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.345</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// infinite precision</span>
BigDecimal bd =  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.456</span>


<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1e3</span>  ==  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>_000<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.0</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2E4</span>  == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>_000<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.0</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3e+1</span> ==     <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">30.0</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4E-2</span> ==      <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.04</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

2-6 Booleans类型

Boolean类型没啥解释的，和其他语言一样，就两个值，如下：

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> </span>myBooleanVariable = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>
boolean untypedBooleanVar = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>
booleanField = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

比较简单，没啥特例，自行脑补。

2-7 Lists类型

Groovy同样支持java.util.List类型，在Groovy中同样允许向列表中增加或者删除对象，允许在运行时改变列表的大小，保存在列表中的对象不受类型的限制；此外还可以通过超出列表范围的数来索引列表。如下例子：

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//使用动态List</span>
def numbers = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]         
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> numbers <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> List  
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> numbers.size() == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//List中存储任意类型</span>
def heterogeneous = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"a"</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>]

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//判断List默认类型</span>
def arrayList = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> arrayList <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> java.util.ArrayList

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//使用as强转类型</span>
def linkedList = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>] as LinkedList    
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> linkedList <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> java.util.LinkedList

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//定义指定类型List</span>
LinkedList otherLinked = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>]          
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> otherLinked <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> java.util.LinkedList

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//定义List使用</span>
def letters = [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'c'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d'</span>]
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//判断item值</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> letters[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'a'</span>     
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> letters[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'b'</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//负数下标则从右向左index</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> letters[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d'</span>    
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> letters[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'c'</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//指定item赋值判断</span>
letters[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>] = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'C'</span>             
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> letters[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'C'</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//给List追加item</span>
letters << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'e'</span>               
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> letters[ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'e'</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> letters[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'e'</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//获取一段List子集</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> letters[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>] == [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d'</span>]         
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> letters[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.4</span>] == [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'C'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'d'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'e'</span>] 

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//多维List支持</span>
def multi = [[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>], [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]]     
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> multi[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>][<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>] == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">35</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">36</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">37</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">38</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">39</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">40</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">41</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">42</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">35</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">36</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">37</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">38</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">39</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">40</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">41</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">42</li></ul>

2-8 Arrays类型

Groovy中数组和Java类似，具体如下：

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//定义初始化String数组</span>
String[] arrStr = [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Ananas'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Banana'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Kiwi'</span>]  
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> arrStr <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> String[]    
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> !(arrStr <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> List)

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//使用def定义初始化int数组</span>
def numArr = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>] as <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>[]      
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> numArr <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>[]       
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> numArr.size() == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//声明定义多维数组指明宽度</span>
def matrix3 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Integer[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>][<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]         
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> matrix3.size() == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//声明多维数组不指定宽度</span>
Integer[][] matrix2                     
matrix2 = [[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>], [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>]]
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> matrix2 <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> Integer[][]

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//数组的元素使用及赋值操作</span>
String[] names = [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Cédric'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Guillaume'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Jochen'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Paul'</span>]
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> names[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Cédric'</span>     
names[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>] = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Blackdrag'</span>          
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> names[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Blackdrag'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li></ul>

2-9 Maps类型

Map是“键-值”对的集合，在Groovy中键key不一定是String，可以是任何对象(实际上Groovy中的Map就是java.util.Linke dHashMap)。如下：

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//定义一个Map</span>
def colors = [red: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'#FF0000'</span>, green: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'#00FF00'</span>, blue: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'#0000FF'</span>]   
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//获取一些指定key的value进行判断操作</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> colors[<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'red'</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'#FF0000'</span>    
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> colors.green  == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'#00FF00'</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//给指定key的对赋值value操作与判断    </span>
colors[<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'pink'</span>] = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'#FF00FF'</span>           
colors.yellow  = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'#FFFF00'</span>           
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> colors.pink == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'#FF00FF'</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> colors[<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'yellow'</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'#FFFF00'</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//判断Map的类型</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> colors <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> java.util.LinkedHashMap
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//访问Map中不存在的key为null</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> colors.unknown == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//定义key类型为数字的Map</span>
def numbers = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'one'</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'two'</span>]
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> numbers[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>] == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'one'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li></ul>

对于Map需要特别注意一种情况，如下：

<code class="hljs vhdl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">//把一个定义的变量作为<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Map</span>的key，访问<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Map</span>的该key是失败的
def key = <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'name</span>'
def person = [key: <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'Guillaume</span>']      
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> !person.containsKey(<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'name</span>')   
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> person.containsKey(<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'key</span>') 

//把一个定义的变量作为<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Map</span>的key的正确写法<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">---添加括弧，访问Map的该key是成功的</span>
person = [(key): <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'Guillaume</span>']        
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> person.containsKey(<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'name</span>')    
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> !person.containsKey(<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'key</span>') </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul>

3 运算符

关于Groovy的运算符介绍类似于上面一样，我们重点突出与Java的不同点，相同点自行脑补。

Groovy支持**次方运算符，如下：

<code class="hljs rust has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> ** <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span> == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>

def f = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>
f **= <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> f == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

Groovy非运算符如下：

<code class="hljs rust has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> (!<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>)    == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>                      
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> (!<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'foo'</span>)   == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>                      
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> (!<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">''</span>)      == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span> </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

Groovy支持?.安全占位符，这个运算符主要用于避免空指针异常，譬如：

<code class="hljs applescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">def person = Person.find { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">it</span>.<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">id</span> == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">123</span> }    
def <span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">name</span> = person?.<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">name</span>                      
assert <span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">name</span> == null  </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

Groovy支持.@直接域访问操作符，因为Groovy自动支持属性getter方法，但有时候我们有一个自己写的特殊getter方法，当不想调用这个特殊的getter方法则可以用直接域访问操作符。如下：

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">class User {
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">final</span> String name                 
    <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">User</span>(String name) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.name = name}
    String getName() { <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Name: $name"</span> }       
}
def user = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> User(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Bob'</span>)

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> user.name == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Name: Bob'</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> user.<span class="hljs-annotation" style="color: rgb(155, 133, 157); box-sizing: border-box;">@name</span> == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Bob'</span>  </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

Groovy支持.&方法指针操作符，因为闭包可以被作为一个方法的参数，如果想让一个方法作为另一个方法的参数则可以将一个方法当成一个闭包作为另一个方法的参数。如下：

<code class="hljs cpp has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    def <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">list</span> = [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'a'</span>,<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'b'</span>,<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'c'</span>]  
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//常规写法 </span>
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">list</span>.each{  
        println it  
    }  

    String printName(name){  
        println name  
    }  

    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//方法指针操作符写法</span>
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">list</span>.each(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.&printName)  </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

Groovy支持将?:三目运算符简化为二目，如下：

<code class="hljs profile has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">displayName = <span class="hljs-filename" style="box-sizing: border-box;">user.name ? user.name </span>: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Anonymous'</span>   
displayName = <span class="hljs-filename" style="box-sizing: border-box;">user.name ?</span>: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Anonymous'</span> </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

Groovy支持*.展开运算符，一个集合使用展开运算符可以得到一个元素为原集合各个元素执行后面指定方法所得值的集合，如下：

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">cars = [
   <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Car(make: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Peugeot'</span>, model: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'508'</span>),
   <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>,                                              
   <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Car(make: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Renault'</span>, model: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Clio'</span>)]
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> cars*.make == [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Peugeot'</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Renault'</span>]     
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>*.make == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span> </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

关于Groovy的其他运算符就不多说，类比Java吧。

4 程序结构

这里主要讨论Groovy的代码组成结构，具体如下细则。

4-1 包名

包名的定义和作用及含义完全和Java一样，不再介绍，如下：

<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">// defining a package named <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">com</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.yoursite</span>
package <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">com</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.yoursite</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

4-2 Imports引入

常规的imports导包操作和Java一样，如下：

<code class="hljs d has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//例1：</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// using the imported class to create an object</span>
def xml = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> MarkupBuilder()
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> xml != <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//例2：</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> groovy.xml.*

def markupBuilder = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> MarkupBuilder()
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> markupBuilder != <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> StreamingMarkupBuilder() != <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//例3：</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> Boolean.FALSE

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> !FALSE

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//例4：特殊的，相当于用as取别名</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> Calendar.getInstance as now

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">assert</span> now().<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> == Calendar.getInstance().<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li></ul>

不过要特别注意，Groovy与Java类似，已经帮我们默认导入了一些常用的包，所以在我们使用这些包的类时就不用再像上面那样导入了，如下是自动导入的包列表：

<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">import java<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.lang</span>.*
import java<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.util</span>.*
import java<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.io</span>.*
import java<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.net</span>.*
import groovy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.lang</span>.*
import groovy<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.util</span>.*
import java<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.math</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.BigInteger</span>
import java<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.math</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.BigDecimal</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

4-3 脚本与类（脚本的实质）

相对于传统的Java类，一个包含main方法的Groovy类可以如下书写：

<code class="hljs actionscript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">Main</span> {</span>                                    
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> main(String... args) {          
        println <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Groovy world!'</span>                 
    }
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

和Java一样，程序会从这个类的main方法开始执行，这是Groovy代码的一种写法，实际上执行Groovy代码完全可以不需要类或main方法，所以更简单的写法如下：

<code class="hljs go has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">println</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Groovy world!'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

上面这两中写法其实是一样的，具体我们可以通过如下命令进行编译为class文件：

<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">groovyc demo.groovy <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>编译Groovy源码为<span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span></span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

我们使用反编译工具可以查看到这个demo.groovy类源码如下：

<code class="hljs axapta has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">import org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.InvokerHelper
<span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">Main</span> <span class="hljs-inheritance" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">extends</span></span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">Script</span> {</span>                     
    def run() {                                 
        println <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Groovy world!'</span>                 
    }
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> main(String[] args) {           
        InvokerHelper.runScript(Main, args)     
    }
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

可以看见，上面我们写的groovy文件编译后的class其实是Java类，该类从Script类派生而来（查阅API）；可以发现，每个脚本都会生成一个static main方法，我们执行groovy脚本的实质其实是执行的这个Java类的main方法，脚本源码里所有代码都被放到了run方法中，脚本中定义的方法（该例暂无）都会被定义在Main类中。

通过上面可以发现，Groovy的实质就是Java的class，也就是说他一定会和Java一样存在变量作用域！对哦，前面我们解释变量时竟然没说到这个东东，这里说下吧。看下面例子：

<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">//单个Groovy源码文件，运行会报错找不到<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">num</span>变量
def <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">num</span> = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> 
def printNum(){  
    println <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">num</span>  
}
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">
//单个Groovy源码文件，运行会报错找不到num变量</span>
int <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">num</span> = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> 
def printNum(){  
    println <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">num</span>  
}  
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">
//单个Groovy源码文件，运行OK成功</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">num</span> = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> 
def printNum(){  
    println <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">num</span>  
}  </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li></ul>

上面的例子可以发现，我们如果想要在Groovy的方法中使用Groovy的变量则不能有修饰符。然而，如果我们想在B.groovy文件访问A.groovy文件的num变量咋办呢，我们可以使用Field注解，具体操作如下：

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> groovy.transform.Field;
<span class="hljs-annotation" style="color: rgb(155, 133, 157); box-sizing: border-box;">@Field</span> num = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

哈哈，这就是Groovy的变量作用域了，如果你想知道上面这些写法为啥出错，很简单，自己动手整成Java源码相信你一定可以看懂为啥鸟。

【作者：工匠若水，原文地址 http://blog.csdn.net/yanbober 】

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