Why capitalism remains in rude health
Is capitalism broken? That is the portentous question that I and other Financial Times columnists will be attempting to answer next week in a series of “Great Debates” that the paper is hosting in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong.
资本主义破产了吗?下周在北京,上海和香港由时代周刊举办的一系列大辩论中,我和其他的金融专栏评论家将会尝试着回答这个自命不凡的问题。
:资本主义崩溃了吗?英国《金融时报》本周将在北京、上海和香港三地举办系列“大辩论”,辩论中,我与其他英国《金融时报》的专栏作家将试图回答这个“不详”的问题。
I will be arguing that capitalism is notbroken. This is not, at present, a popular position. The market crash of 2008called the stability of the world’s financial system into question, sparkingboth a Great Recession and huge government intervention.
我将辩论资本主义没有破产。目前看来,这不是一个很流行的立场。08年的市场奔溃引发对全球金融市场稳定性的疑问,引发了巨大的衰退和大的政府干预。
:我的论点将是,资本主义没有崩溃。这个论点目前并不流行。2008年的市场崩溃令人们开始质疑世界金融体系的稳定性,引发了“大衰退”(Great Recession)和政府的大规模干预。
But after marshaling the figures for a while, it’s asurprisingly easy case to make. Capitalism looks to be decidedly intact. As afavor to my opponents, then, here is why capitalism is not broken.
Economic systems should be measured bytheir results. And in terms of growth in gross domestic
product, the charts show that capitalismremains in rude health. Global GDP rose throughout the crisis.
但是在对数据整理了一会之后,这是一个令人惊讶的简单的问题。资本主义看起来依然完好无损。作为对我的对手的支持,我将说明为什么资本主义没有破产。经济系统应该通过结果来测试。并且就GDP而言,数据显示资本主义仍然保持健康。金融危机中全球的GDP仍然增长。
:但对数据进行一番整理之后,这个论点出人意料地变得显而易见。资本主义似乎毫发无损。以下是我的理由,以便持相反论点者参考。经济体系的好坏应由其结果来评判。就国内生产总值(GDP)来看,资本主义仍生机勃勃。全球GDP在危机期间仍保持增长。
That was thanks to the rise of thedeveloping world, which will this year overtake the developed world, suggestingthat the world’s unequal wealth distribution can correct itself undercapitalism. If we look only at the counties that that were in the developedclub before the crisis, the picture is little different. GDP dipped in oneyear, 2009, and has grown ever since. The “Great Recession” was the worst thatcapitalism has suffered since the war – previously, growth in GDP per head inwestern Europe and the US had been uninterrupted since 1945, according tomassive historical data compiled by the late Angus Maddison – and it was notthat bad.
这归功于这些年压倒了发达国家的发展中国家的崛起,意味着全球的财富分配不公能在资本主义体制下自我修复。如果我们只参考危机之前的发达国家俱乐部的成员,现在和以前的差别只有一点点。GDP在09年受损,而此后一直在发展。这次的大衰退是资本主义自从战后所经受的最糟糕的情况,而这还不是特别的糟糕。此前,根据Angus Maddison编撰的大历史数据显示,从1945年起,欧洲和美国的GDP增长从未中断过。
:这应归功于发展中世界的崛起(发展中世界今年将超过发达世界),显示世界财富分配不均的情况在资本主义制度下可以自我纠正。如果我们只看危机前已跻身发达国家“俱乐部”的国家,情况会略有不同。GDP在2009年这一年大幅下降,在那之后又一直增长。这次“大衰退”是资本主义战后遭遇的最严重的一次衰退——已故的安格斯•麦迪森(Angus Maddison)汇编的大量历史数据显示,在此之前,西欧和美国的人均GDP增长自1945年起没有间断过。而“大衰退”的情况其实并没有那么糟。
That recession had a deeper impact onglobal trade, with global trade, with global exports dropping 26 percent the 12months following the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008. Trade, ormore recently “globalisation”, makes capitalism tick.
衰退对全球贸易有巨大的影响,全球出口在雷曼兄弟2008年九月破产后的12个月里降低了26%。贸易,或者说全球化,令资本主义正常运行。
:“大衰退”对全球贸易的打击更为沉重——2008年9月雷曼兄弟(Lehman Brothers)倒闭后的一年时间里,全球出口额累计下降26%。而资本主义的正常运行靠的就是贸易,或者说最近的“全球化”。
But the subsequent rebound was instant.Since cratering in the summer of 2009, world trade volumes have risen by 49percent, says the International Monetary Fund.
但是接下来的反弹是很迅速的。国际货币基金显示,自从2009年夏季缩水后,全球贸易增长了49%。
:但贸易很快反弹。国际货币基金组织(IMF)表示,2009年夏季触底之后,全球贸易额如今已累计上涨49%。
That brought it to a new peak. In the 13years since the turn of the millennium alone, a period when two asset bubblesimploded in the west, global exports have risen 212 percent.
这是一个新的高峰。千禧年过后的13年来,两个资产泡沫在西方破裂,而全球出口增长了212%。
:这意味着,全球贸易额已再次创下新高。仅就本世纪的13年而言,全球出口额已累计上涨212%,在此期间,西方还经历了两次资产泡沫破裂。
So the speed of the rebound isbreathtaking. Whatever system the world is using, it is hard to say that it is “broken”.
因此恢复的速度是惊人的。不管全球使用的是什么系统,这都很难说这个体系破产了。
:这样看来,贸易反弹的速度是惊人的。不论如今主导世界的是何种制度,我们都很难说这种制度已经“崩溃”。
Ignoring results, maybe it is possible toargue that this was only achieved by abandoning capitalism. It is the lastresort of many debaters to fall back on quibbling over definitions.
Capitalism had no Marx to frame it. Much isleft ambiguous. For example, is China capitalism, as it appears to many, or asits ruling party still describes itself, communists?
不管结果如何,也许这可以说这只能在抛弃资本主义后取得。许多辩论者回到了只能诉诸最高法院的诡辩上。资本主义已经不是马克思所界定的那样,许多都已经变得模棱两可。例如,中国到底是资本主义呢-如同大多数人所想的那样,或者还是像他的统治党描述的那样,是共产主义?
:如果忽略结果,或许我们可以辩称,贸易迅速反弹完全是靠抛弃资本主义实现的。在定义上斤斤计较是许多辩论者的最后一招。资本主义没有马克思主义那样的理论框架。许多定义都很模糊。比如说,现在的中国是许多人认为的资本主义国家,还是中共仍然坚称的共产主义国家?