2.1. Introduction

Reason for UNIX standardization:
1.The proliferation of versions and differences during the 1980s. (Crazy 1980s.)
2.Many large users.(Large ones always work.)

In this chapter:
1. Look at the various standardization efforts that have been under way over the past two decades.
2. Discuss the effects of these UNIX programming standards on the operating system implementations that are described in this book.（讨论在本书描述的操作系统实现之上的这些UNIX编程标准的影响）
3. Look at these limits and the various ways to determine their values.