Java语言中,Object对象有个特殊的方法:hashcode(), hashcode()表示的是JVM虚拟机为这个Object对象分配的一个int类型的数值,JVM会使用对象的hashcode值来提高对HashMap、Hashtable哈希表存取对象的使用效率。
关于Object对象的hashCode()返回值,网上对它就是一个简单的描述:“JVM根据某种策略生成的”,那么这种策略到底是什么呢?我有一个毛病,遇到这种含糊其辞的东西,就想探个究竟,所以,本文就将hashCode()本地方法的实现给扒出来,也给大家在了解hashCode()的过程中提供一点点帮助吧。
本文将根据openJDK 7源码,向展示Java语言中的Object对象的hashCode() 生成的神秘面纱,我将一步一步地向读者介绍Java Object 的hashcode()方法到底底层调用了什么函数。为了更好地了解这个过程,你可以自己下载openJDK 7 源码,亲自查看和跟踪源码,了解hashCode()的生成过程:
openJDK 7 下载地址1:http://download.java.net/openjdk/jdk7 (官网,下载速度较慢)
openJDK 7 下载地址2 :openjdk-7-fcs-src-b147-27_jun_2011.zip (csdn 网友提供的资源,很不错)
1.查看openJDK 关于 java.lang.Object类及其hashcode()方法的定义:
进入openjdk\jdk\src\share\classes\java\lang目录下,可以看到Object.java源码,打开,查看hashCode()的定义如下所示:
即该方法是一个本地方法,Java将调用本地方法库对此方法的实现。由于Object类中有JNI方法调用,按照JNI的规则,应当生成JNI 的头文件,在此目录下执行 javah -jni java.lang.Object 指令,将生成一个 java_lang_Object.h 头文件,该头文件将在后面用到它
- public native int hashCode();
public native int hashCode();
java_lang_Object.h头文件关于hashcode方法的信息如下所示:
- /*
- * Class: java_lang_Object
- * Method: hashCode
- * Signature: ()I
- */
- JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_java_lang_Object_hashCode
- (JNIEnv *, jobject);
/* * Class: java_lang_Object * Method: hashCode * Signature: ()I */ JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_java_lang_Object_hashCode (JNIEnv *, jobject);
2. Object对象的hashCode()方法在C语言文件Object.c中实现
打开openjdk\jdk\src\share\native\java\lang\目录,查看Object.c文件,可以看到hashCode()的方法被注册成有JVM_IHashCode方法指针来处理:
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <signal.h>
- #include <limits.h>
- #include "jni.h"
- #include "jni_util.h"
- #include "jvm.h"
- #include "java_lang_Object.h"
- static JNINativeMethod methods[] = {
- {"hashCode", "()I", (void *)&JVM_IHashCode},//hashcode的方法指针JVM_IHashCode
- {"wait", "(J)V", (void *)&JVM_MonitorWait},
- {"notify", "()V", (void *)&JVM_MonitorNotify},
- {"notifyAll", "()V", (void *)&JVM_MonitorNotifyAll},
- {"clone", "()Ljava/lang/Object;", (void *)&JVM_Clone},
- };
- JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
- Java_java_lang_Object_registerNatives(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls)
- {
- (*env)->RegisterNatives(env, cls,
- methods, sizeof(methods)/sizeof(methods[0]));
- }
- JNIEXPORT jclass JNICALL
- Java_java_lang_Object_getClass(JNIEnv *env, jobject this)
- {
- if (this == NULL) {
- JNU_ThrowNullPointerException(env, NULL);
- return 0;
- } else {
- return (*env)->GetObjectClass(env, this);
- }
- }
#include <stdio.h> #include <signal.h> #include <limits.h> #include "jni.h" #include "jni_util.h" #include "jvm.h" #include "java_lang_Object.h" static JNINativeMethod methods[] = { {"hashCode", "()I", (void *)&JVM_IHashCode},//hashcode的方法指针JVM_IHashCode {"wait", "(J)V", (void *)&JVM_MonitorWait}, {"notify", "()V", (void *)&JVM_MonitorNotify}, {"notifyAll", "()V", (void *)&JVM_MonitorNotifyAll}, {"clone", "()Ljava/lang/Object;", (void *)&JVM_Clone}, }; JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_java_lang_Object_registerNatives(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls) { (*env)->RegisterNatives(env, cls, methods, sizeof(methods)/sizeof(methods[0])); } JNIEXPORT jclass JNICALL Java_java_lang_Object_getClass(JNIEnv *env, jobject this) { if (this == NULL) { JNU_ThrowNullPointerException(env, NULL); return 0; } else { return (*env)->GetObjectClass(env, this); } }
3.JVM_IHashCode方法指针在 openjdk\hotspot\src\share\vm\prims\jvm.cpp中定义,如下:
- JVM_ENTRY(jint, JVM_IHashCode(JNIEnv* env, jobject handle))
- JVMWrapper("JVM_IHashCode");
- // as implemented in the classic virtual machine; return 0 if object is NULL
- return handle == NULL ? 0 : ObjectSynchronizer::FastHashCode (THREAD, JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(handle)) ;
- JVM_END
JVM_ENTRY(jint, JVM_IHashCode(JNIEnv* env, jobject handle))
JVMWrapper("JVM_IHashCode");
// as implemented in the classic virtual machine; return 0 if object is NULL
return handle == NULL ? 0 : ObjectSynchronizer::FastHashCode (THREAD, JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(handle)) ;
JVM_END
如上可以看出,JVM_IHashCode方法中调用了ObjectSynchronizer::FastHashCode方法
4. ObjectSynchronizer::fashHashCode方法的实现:
ObjectSynchronizer::fashHashCode()方法在 openjdk\hotspot\src\share\vm\runtime\synchronizer.cpp 文件中实现,其核心代码实现如下所示:
- // hashCode() generation :
- //
- // Possibilities:
- // * MD5Digest of {obj,stwRandom}
- // * CRC32 of {obj,stwRandom} or any linear-feedback shift register function.
- // * A DES- or AES-style SBox[] mechanism
- // * One of the Phi-based schemes, such as:
- // 2654435761 = 2^32 * Phi (golden ratio)
- // HashCodeValue = ((uintptr_t(obj) >> 3) * 2654435761) ^ GVars.stwRandom ;
- // * A variation of Marsaglia's shift-xor RNG scheme.
- // * (obj ^ stwRandom) is appealing, but can result
- // in undesirable regularity in the hashCode values of adjacent objects
- // (objects allocated back-to-back, in particular). This could potentially
- // result in hashtable collisions and reduced hashtable efficiency.
- // There are simple ways to "diffuse" the middle address bits over the
- // generated hashCode values:
- //
- static inline intptr_t get_next_hash(Thread * Self, oop obj) {
- intptr_t value = 0 ;
- if (hashCode == 0) {
- // This form uses an unguarded global Park-Miller RNG,
- // so it's possible for two threads to race and generate the same RNG.
- // On MP system we'll have lots of RW access to a global, so the
- // mechanism induces lots of coherency traffic.
- value = os::random() ;
- } else
- if (hashCode == 1) {
- // This variation has the property of being stable (idempotent)
- // between STW operations. This can be useful in some of the 1-0
- // synchronization schemes.
- intptr_t addrBits = intptr_t(obj) >> 3 ;
- value = addrBits ^ (addrBits >> 5) ^ GVars.stwRandom ;
- } else
- if (hashCode == 2) {
- value = 1 ; // for sensitivity testing
- } else
- if (hashCode == 3) {
- value = ++GVars.hcSequence ;
- } else
- if (hashCode == 4) {
- value = intptr_t(obj) ;
- } else {
- // Marsaglia's xor-shift scheme with thread-specific state
- // This is probably the best overall implementation -- we'll
- // likely make this the default in future releases.
- unsigned t = Self->_hashStateX ;
- t ^= (t << 11) ;
- Self->_hashStateX = Self->_hashStateY ;
- Self->_hashStateY = Self->_hashStateZ ;
- Self->_hashStateZ = Self->_hashStateW ;
- unsigned v = Self->_hashStateW ;
- v = (v ^ (v >> 19)) ^ (t ^ (t >> 8)) ;
- Self->_hashStateW = v ;
- value = v ;
- }
- value &= markOopDesc::hash_mask;
- if (value == 0) value = 0xBAD ;
- assert (value != markOopDesc::no_hash, "invariant") ;
- TEVENT (hashCode: GENERATE) ;
- return value;
- }
- // ObjectSynchronizer::FastHashCode方法的实现,该方法最终会返回我们期望已久的hashcode
- intptr_t ObjectSynchronizer::FastHashCode (Thread * Self, oop obj) {
- if (UseBiasedLocking) {
- // NOTE: many places throughout the JVM do not expect a safepoint
- // to be taken here, in particular most operations on perm gen
- // objects. However, we only ever bias Java instances and all of
- // the call sites of identity_hash that might revoke biases have
- // been checked to make sure they can handle a safepoint. The
- // added check of the bias pattern is to avoid useless calls to
- // thread-local storage.
- if (obj->mark()->has_bias_pattern()) {
- // Box and unbox the raw reference just in case we cause a STW safepoint.
- Handle hobj (Self, obj) ;
- // Relaxing assertion for bug 6320749.
- assert (Universe::verify_in_progress() ||
- !SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(),
- "biases should not be seen by VM thread here");
- BiasedLocking::revoke_and_rebias(hobj, false, JavaThread::current());
- obj = hobj() ;
- assert(!obj->mark()->has_bias_pattern(), "biases should be revoked by now");
- }
- }
- // hashCode() is a heap mutator ...
- // Relaxing assertion for bug 6320749.
- assert (Universe::verify_in_progress() ||
- !SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "invariant") ;
- assert (Universe::verify_in_progress() ||
- Self->is_Java_thread() , "invariant") ;
- assert (Universe::verify_in_progress() ||
- ((JavaThread *)Self)->thread_state() != _thread_blocked, "invariant") ;
- ObjectMonitor* monitor = NULL;
- markOop temp, test;
- intptr_t hash;
- markOop mark = ReadStableMark (obj);
- // object should remain ineligible for biased locking
- assert (!mark->has_bias_pattern(), "invariant") ;
- if (mark->is_neutral()) {
- hash = mark->hash(); // this is a normal header
- if (hash) { // if it has hash, just return it
- return hash;
- }
- hash = get_next_hash(Self, obj); // allocate a new hash code
- temp = mark->copy_set_hash(hash); // merge the hash code into header
- // use (machine word version) atomic operation to install the hash
- test = (markOop) Atomic::cmpxchg_ptr(temp, obj->mark_addr(), mark);
- if (test == mark) {
- return hash;
- }
- // If atomic operation failed, we must inflate the header
- // into heavy weight monitor. We could add more code here
- // for fast path, but it does not worth the complexity.
- } else if (mark->has_monitor()) {
- monitor = mark->monitor();
- temp = monitor->header();
- assert (temp->is_neutral(), "invariant") ;
- hash = temp->hash();
- if (hash) {
- return hash;
- }
- // Skip to the following code to reduce code size
- } else if (Self->is_lock_owned((address)mark->locker())) {
- temp = mark->displaced_mark_helper(); // this is a lightweight monitor owned
- assert (temp->is_neutral(), "invariant") ;
- hash = temp->hash(); // by current thread, check if the displaced
- if (hash) { // header contains hash code
- return hash;
- }
- // WARNING:
- // The displaced header is strictly immutable.
- // It can NOT be changed in ANY cases. So we have
- // to inflate the header into heavyweight monitor
- // even the current thread owns the lock. The reason
- // is the BasicLock (stack slot) will be asynchronously
- // read by other threads during the inflate() function.
- // Any change to stack may not propagate to other threads
- // correctly.
- }
- // Inflate the monitor to set hash code
- monitor = ObjectSynchronizer::inflate(Self, obj);
- // Load displaced header and check it has hash code
- mark = monitor->header();
- assert (mark->is_neutral(), "invariant") ;
- hash = mark->hash();
- if (hash == 0) {
- hash = get_next_hash(Self, obj);
- temp = mark->copy_set_hash(hash); // merge hash code into header
- assert (temp->is_neutral(), "invariant") ;
- test = (markOop) Atomic::cmpxchg_ptr(temp, monitor, mark);
- if (test != mark) {
- // The only update to the header in the monitor (outside GC)
- // is install the hash code. If someone add new usage of
- // displaced header, please update this code
- hash = test->hash();
- assert (test->is_neutral(), "invariant") ;
- assert (hash != 0, "Trivial unexpected object/monitor header usage.");
- }
- }
- // We finally get the hash ,看到这句话,就特别兴奋,WE FINALLY GET THE HASH!!!!
- return hash;
- }
// hashCode() generation : // // Possibilities: // * MD5Digest of {obj,stwRandom} // * CRC32 of {obj,stwRandom} or any linear-feedback shift register function. // * A DES- or AES-style SBox[] mechanism // * One of the Phi-based schemes, such as: // 2654435761 = 2^32 * Phi (golden ratio) // HashCodeValue = ((uintptr_t(obj) >> 3) * 2654435761) ^ GVars.stwRandom ; // * A variation of Marsaglia's shift-xor RNG scheme. // * (obj ^ stwRandom) is appealing, but can result // in undesirable regularity in the hashCode values of adjacent objects // (objects allocated back-to-back, in particular). This could potentially // result in hashtable collisions and reduced hashtable efficiency. // There are simple ways to "diffuse" the middle address bits over the // generated hashCode values: // static inline intptr_t get_next_hash(Thread * Self, oop obj) { intptr_t value = 0 ; if (hashCode == 0) { // This form uses an unguarded global Park-Miller RNG, // so it's possible for two threads to race and generate the same RNG. // On MP system we'll have lots of RW access to a global, so the // mechanism induces lots of coherency traffic. value = os::random() ; } else if (hashCode == 1) { // This variation has the property of being stable (idempotent) // between STW operations. This can be useful in some of the 1-0 // synchronization schemes. intptr_t addrBits = intptr_t(obj) >> 3 ; value = addrBits ^ (addrBits >> 5) ^ GVars.stwRandom ; } else if (hashCode == 2) { value = 1 ; // for sensitivity testing } else if (hashCode == 3) { value = ++GVars.hcSequence ; } else if (hashCode == 4) { value = intptr_t(obj) ; } else { // Marsaglia's xor-shift scheme with thread-specific state // This is probably the best overall implementation -- we'll // likely make this the default in future releases. unsigned t = Self->_hashStateX ; t ^= (t << 11) ; Self->_hashStateX = Self->_hashStateY ; Self->_hashStateY = Self->_hashStateZ ; Self->_hashStateZ = Self->_hashStateW ; unsigned v = Self->_hashStateW ; v = (v ^ (v >> 19)) ^ (t ^ (t >> 8)) ; Self->_hashStateW = v ; value = v ; } value &= markOopDesc::hash_mask; if (value == 0) value = 0xBAD ; assert (value != markOopDesc::no_hash, "invariant") ; TEVENT (hashCode: GENERATE) ; return value; } // ObjectSynchronizer::FastHashCode方法的实现,该方法最终会返回我们期望已久的hashcode intptr_t ObjectSynchronizer::FastHashCode (Thread * Self, oop obj) { if (UseBiasedLocking) { // NOTE: many places throughout the JVM do not expect a safepoint // to be taken here, in particular most operations on perm gen // objects. However, we only ever bias Java instances and all of // the call sites of identity_hash that might revoke biases have // been checked to make sure they can handle a safepoint. The // added check of the bias pattern is to avoid useless calls to // thread-local storage. if (obj->mark()->has_bias_pattern()) { // Box and unbox the raw reference just in case we cause a STW safepoint. Handle hobj (Self, obj) ; // Relaxing assertion for bug 6320749. assert (Universe::verify_in_progress() || !SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "biases should not be seen by VM thread here"); BiasedLocking::revoke_and_rebias(hobj, false, JavaThread::current()); obj = hobj() ; assert(!obj->mark()->has_bias_pattern(), "biases should be revoked by now"); } } // hashCode() is a heap mutator ... // Relaxing assertion for bug 6320749. assert (Universe::verify_in_progress() || !SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "invariant") ; assert (Universe::verify_in_progress() || Self->is_Java_thread() , "invariant") ; assert (Universe::verify_in_progress() || ((JavaThread *)Self)->thread_state() != _thread_blocked, "invariant") ; ObjectMonitor* monitor = NULL; markOop temp, test; intptr_t hash; markOop mark = ReadStableMark (obj); // object should remain ineligible for biased locking assert (!mark->has_bias_pattern(), "invariant") ; if (mark->is_neutral()) { hash = mark->hash(); // this is a normal header if (hash) { // if it has hash, just return it return hash; } hash = get_next_hash(Self, obj); // allocate a new hash code temp = mark->copy_set_hash(hash); // merge the hash code into header // use (machine word version) atomic operation to install the hash test = (markOop) Atomic::cmpxchg_ptr(temp, obj->mark_addr(), mark); if (test == mark) { return hash; } // If atomic operation failed, we must inflate the header // into heavy weight monitor. We could add more code here // for fast path, but it does not worth the complexity. } else if (mark->has_monitor()) { monitor = mark->monitor(); temp = monitor->header(); assert (temp->is_neutral(), "invariant") ; hash = temp->hash(); if (hash) { return hash; } // Skip to the following code to reduce code size } else if (Self->is_lock_owned((address)mark->locker())) { temp = mark->displaced_mark_helper(); // this is a lightweight monitor owned assert (temp->is_neutral(), "invariant") ; hash = temp->hash(); // by current thread, check if the displaced if (hash) { // header contains hash code return hash; } // WARNING: // The displaced header is strictly immutable. // It can NOT be changed in ANY cases. So we have // to inflate the header into heavyweight monitor // even the current thread owns the lock. The reason // is the BasicLock (stack slot) will be asynchronously // read by other threads during the inflate() function. // Any change to stack may not propagate to other threads // correctly. } // Inflate the monitor to set hash code monitor = ObjectSynchronizer::inflate(Self, obj); // Load displaced header and check it has hash code mark = monitor->header(); assert (mark->is_neutral(), "invariant") ; hash = mark->hash(); if (hash == 0) { hash = get_next_hash(Self, obj); temp = mark->copy_set_hash(hash); // merge hash code into header assert (temp->is_neutral(), "invariant") ; test = (markOop) Atomic::cmpxchg_ptr(temp, monitor, mark); if (test != mark) { // The only update to the header in the monitor (outside GC) // is install the hash code. If someone add new usage of // displaced header, please update this code hash = test->hash(); assert (test->is_neutral(), "invariant") ; assert (hash != 0, "Trivial unexpected object/monitor header usage."); } } // We finally get the hash ,看到这句话,就特别兴奋,WE FINALLY GET THE HASH!!!! return hash; }
好了,经过上述如此复杂步骤,终于生成了我们的hashcode了,上述的代码是使用的C++实现的,我是看不懂啦,不过有一点可以确定:
Java 中Object对象的hashcode()返回值一定不会是Object对象的内存地址这么简单!
即hashcode()返回的不是对象在内存中的地址。
本文转载自:http://blog.csdn.net/luanlouis/article/details/41547649