前言:
c++的文件流处理其实很简单,前提是你能够理解它。文件流本质是利用了一个buffer中间层。有点类似标准输出和标准输入一样。
c++ IO的设计保证IO效率,同时又兼顾封装性和易用性。本文将会讲述c++文件流的用法。
有错误和疏漏的地方,欢迎批评指证。
需要包含的头文件: <fstream>
名字空间: std
也可以试用<fstream.h>
fstream提供了三个类,用来实现c++对文件的操作。(文件的创建,读写)。
ifstream -- 从已有的文件读
ofstream -- 向文件写内容
fstream - 打开文件供读写
支持的文件类型
实际上,文件类型可以分为两种: 文本文件和二进制文件.
文本文件保存的是可读的字符, 而二进制文件保存的只是二进制数据。利用二进制模式,你可以操作图像等文件。用文本模式,你只能读写文本文件。否则会报错。
例一: 写文件
声明一个ostream变量
- 调用open方法,使其与一个文件关联
- 写文件
- 调用close方法.
<ol><li class="li1"><div class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <fstream.h></span></div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> main</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"><span class="br0">{</span></div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"> ofstream <span class="kw4">file</span>;</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">open</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"file.txt"</span><span class="br0">)</span>; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> file<<<span class="st0">"Hello file<span class="es0">/n</span>"</span><<<span class="nu0">75</span>; </div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">close</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"><span class="br0">}</span></div></li></ol>
可以像试用cout一样试用操作符<<向文件写内容.
Usages:
<ol><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> file<<<span class="st0">"string<span class="es0">/n</span>"</span>;</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">put</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">'c'</span><span class="br0">)</span>;</div></li></ol>
例二: 读文件
1. 声明一个ifstream变量.
2. 打开文件.
3. 从文件读数据
4. 关闭文件.
<ol><li class="li1"><div class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <fstream.h></span></div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> main</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"><span class="br0">{</span></div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"> ifstream <span class="kw4">file</span>;</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">char</span> output<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">100</span><span class="br0">]</span>;</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">int</span> x;</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">open</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"file.txt"</span><span class="br0">)</span>;</div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> file>>output; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> cout<<output; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> file>>x; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> cout<<x; </div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">close</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"><span class="br0">}</span></div><div class="de1"></div><div class="de1">同样的,你也可以像cin一样使用>>来操作文件。或者是调用成员函数</div><div class="de1">Usages:</div></li></ol>
<ol><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> file>>char *; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> file>>char; </div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">get</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">)</span>; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">get</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span> *,<span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span>; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">getline</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span> *,<span class="kw4">int</span> sz<span class="br0">)</span>;</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">getline</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span> *,<span class="kw4">int</span> sz,<span class="kw4">char</span> eol<span class="br0">);</span></div></li></ol>
1.同样的,你也可以使用构造函数开打开一个文件、你只要把文件名作为构造函数的
第一个参数就可以了。
<ol><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> ofstream <span class="kw4">file</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"fl.txt"</span><span class="br0">)</span>;</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> ifstream <span class="kw4">file</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"fl.txt"</span><span class="br0">)</span>;</div></li></ol>
上面所讲的ofstream和ifstream只能进行读或是写,而fstream则同时提供读写的功能。
void main()
<ol><li class="li1"><div class="de1"><span class="br0">{</span></div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> fstream <span class="kw4">file</span>;</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">open</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"file.ext"</span>,iso::<span class="me2">in</span>|ios::<span class="me2">out</span><span class="br0">)</span></div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="co1">//do an input or output here</span></div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">close</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>;</div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"><span class="br0">}</span></div></li></ol>
open函数的参数定义了文件的打开模式。总共有如下模式
<ol><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> 属性列表</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1">ios::<span class="me2">in</span> 读</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1">ios::<span class="me2">out</span> 写</div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2">ios::<span class="me2">app</span> 从文件末尾开始写</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"><span class="me1">ios</span>::<span class="me2">binary 二进制模式</span></div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1">ios::<span class="me2">nocreate</span> 打开一个文件时,如果文件不存在,不创建文件。</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1">ios::<span class="me2">noreplace</span> 打开一个文件时,如果文件不存在,创建该文件</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1">ios::<span class="me2">trunc</span> 打开一个文件,然后清空内容</div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2">ios::<span class="me2">ate</span> 打开一个文件时,将位置移动到文件尾</div></li></ol>
Notes
- 默认模式是文本
- 默认如果文件不存在,那么创建一个新的
- 多种模式可以混合,用|(按位或)
- 文件的byte索引从0开始。(就像数组一样)
我们也可以调用read函数和write函数来读写文件。
文件指针位置在c++中的用法:
<ol><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> ios::<span class="me2">beg</span> 文件头</div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"> ios::<span class="me2">end</span> 文件尾</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> ios::<span class="me2">cur</span> 当前位置</div><div class="de1">例子:</div></li></ol>
<ol><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">seekg</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">0</span>,ios::<span class="me2">end</span><span class="br0">)</span>; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"><span class="kw4"> int</span> fl_sz = <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">tellg</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">seekg</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">0</span>,ios::<span class="me2">beg</span><span class="br0">)</span>; </div></li></ol>
常用的错误判断方法:
<ol><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> good<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> 如果文件打开成功</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> bad<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> 打开文件时发生错误</div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"> <span class="kw2">eof</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> 到达文件尾</div><div class="de2">例子:</div></li></ol>
<ol><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw4">char</span> ch;</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> ifstream <span class="kw4">file</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"kool.cpp"</span>,ios::<span class="me2">in</span>|ios::<span class="me2">out</span><span class="br0">)</span>;</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw1">if</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="me1">good</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span> cout<<<span class="st0">"The file has been opened without problems;</span></div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"><span class="st0"> else cout<<"</span>An Error has happend on opening the <span class="kw4">file</span>; </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> </div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="kw1">while</span><span class="br0">(</span>!<span class="kw4">file</span>.<span class="kw2">eof</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span></div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="br0">{</span></div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> file>>ch;</div></li><li class="li2"><div class="de2"> cout<<ch;</div></li><li class="li1"><div class="de1"> <span class="br0">}</span></div></li></ol>