// dirname() // Returns directory name component of path basename() // Returns filename component of path pathinfo() // Returns information about a file path; // pathinfo() returns an associative array containing information about path . parse_url() // Parse a URL and return its components; // This function parses a URL and returns an associative array // containing any of the various components of the URL that are present. realpath() // Returns canonicalized absolute pathname; // realpath() expands all symbolic links and resolves references to '/./', '/../' and // extra '/' characters in the input path . and return the canonicalized absolute pathname. http_build_query() // Generate URL-encoded query string; // Generates a URL-encoded query string // from the associative (or indexed) array provided. http_build_url() // Build an URL