Effective Java

Item 2: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor

Item 3: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor

Item 4: Avoid creating duplicate objects

Item 5: Eliminate obsolete object references

参考下面的例子，当对象不能被访问到的时候，会被回收。elements[size] = null; // Eliminate obsolete reference

改写前：

public Object pop() {
if (size == 0)
throw new EmptyStackException();
return elements[--size];
}

改写后：

if (size==0)
throw new EmptyStackException();
Object result = elements[--size];
elements[size] = null; // Eliminate obsolete reference
return result;
}