今天在做C++ Primer习题的14.11时,印象中应该挺简单的一题,结果却费了很长时间。
类定义:
- typedef string Date;
- class CheckoutRecord{
- public:
- CheckoutRecord(){book_id=-1;}
- friend ostream& operator<<(ostream &os,const CheckoutRecord &obj);
- friend istream& operator>>(istream &in,CheckoutRecord &obj);
- private:
- double book_id;
- string title;
- Date date_borrowed;
- Date date_due;
- pair<string,string> borrower;
- vector<pair<string,string>*>wait_list;
- };
重载输出操作符很简单:
- ostream& operator<<(ostream &os,const CheckoutRecord &obj)
- {
- os<<"Book ID:"<<obj.book_id<<endl;
- os<<"Title :"<<obj.title<<endl;
- os<<"Data borrowed:"<<obj.date_borrowed<<endl;
- os<<"Date due :"<<obj.date_due<<endl;
- os<<"Borrower :"<<obj.borrower.first<<" "<<obj.borrower.second<<endl;
- os<<"Waiters for this book:"<<endl;
- for(unsigned int i=0;i<obj.wait_list.size();++i)
- os<<obj.wait_list[i]->first<<" "<<obj.wait_list[i]->second<<";";
- os<<endl;
- return os;
- }
- istream& operator>>(istream &in,CheckoutRecord &obj)
- {
- in>>obj.book_id;
- if(in){
- //when you typed newline,the new line was added to the
- //stream buffer, but "in>>obj.book_id" only reads the first double data and
- // left '\n' character still in the input stream buffer.
- in.ignore(INT_MAX,'\n');
- //Title may contain spaces
- std::getline(in,obj.title);
- in>>obj.date_borrowed>>obj.date_due>>\
- obj.borrower.first>>obj.borrower.second;
- while(in){
- pair<string,string> *waiter=new pair<string,string>;
- in>>waiter->first;
- if(waiter->first=="end"){
- delete waiter;
- break;
- }
- in>>waiter->second;
- obj.wait_list.push_back(waiter);
- }
- }
- else
- obj=CheckoutRecord();
- return in;
- }
之所以费了很长时间,主要因为前面少写了一行代码:
- in.ignore(INT_MAX,'\n');
- 导致后面的getline得到的是空行。
为什么要加上这样一行,我在注释中已经写明了原因。以前一直以为"cin>>whatever_data"这类输入语句,碰到换行或是空白这些分隔符的时候,会在流缓冲中去除有效输入后的下一个分隔符,原来这些分隔符都还在保存在缓冲中!输入语句的行为应该是这样,只会在流中消除在它要的有效输入的前面的分隔符字符,得到想要的输入后,后面又碰到一个分隔符,说明该输入数据结束。但不对想要的输入数据后面的分隔符做任何处理。
不仅是对分隔符,对于输入错误时,"cin>>.."语句在输入终止后,使输入错误的字符让保留在流缓冲区内,这是一定要用cin.ignore来清理。
8.2节中的例子:
- int ival;
- // read cin and test for only EOF; loop is excuted even if there are other IO failures
- while(cin >> ival, !cin.eof()){
- if(cin.bad()) // input stream is corrupted; bail out
- throw runtime_error("IO stream corrupted!");
- if(cin.fail()){
- cerr << "Bad data, try again!";
- cin.clear();
- cin.ignore();
- continue;
- }
- }
不仅是C++的标准IO库,C中的标准IO库也用同样的问题——如果在scanf后面直接调用getline,也会得到空行。而且,对应cin.ignore(),可用fflush(stdin)来刷新缓冲区。
那哪些输入函数会自动处理有效输入后的换行符呢?
getline和fgets这类以行为单位的输入函数,会自动将已输入行的换行符从输入缓冲中去除。
这个教训再次告诉我们,使用函数接口的时候,一定要理清它们的行为细节。有时还要弄清它们的底层实现,才能更好地理解它们的行为。
最后给出main函数和测试用例:
- /*
- Sample Input:
- 1001
- Miserable World
- 201308
- 201309
- Simon Smith
- Mike a
- Kris b
- Tom c
- Bison d
- Jumping e
- end
- err_id
- Miserable World
- 201308
- 201309
- Simon Smith
- Mike a
- Kris b
- Tom c
- Bis d
- Jump e
- end
- */
- int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
- {
- CheckoutRecord record;
- cin>>record;
- cout<<"========================================"<<endl;
- cout<<record;
- }