53-被遗弃的多重继承（上）

注：博客中内容主要来自《狄泰软件学院》，博客仅当私人笔记使用。

测试环境：Ubuntu 10.10

GCC版本：9.2.0

 

一、问题

                C++中是否允许一个类继承自多个父类？

 

二、C++中的多重继承

1）C++支持编写多重继承的代码

        -    一个子类可以拥有多个父类

        -    子类拥有所有父类的成员变量

        -    子类继承所有父类的成员函数

        -    子类对象可以当作任意父类对象使用

 

2）多重继承的语法规则

class Derived : public BaseA,
                public BaseB,
                public BaseC
{
    // ......
};

多重继承的本质与单继承相同！

 

编程实验
多重继承问题一
53-1.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class BaseA
{
    int ma;
public:
    BaseA(int a)
    {
        ma = a;
    }
    int getA()
    {
        return ma;
    }
};

class BaseB
{
    int mb;
public:
    BaseB(int b)
    {
        mb = b;
    }
    int getB()
    {
        return mb;
    }
};

class Derived : public BaseA, public BaseB
{
    int mc;
public:
    Derived(int a, int b, int c) : BaseA(a), BaseB(b)  //调用两个父类构造函数
    {
        mc = c;
    }
    int getC()
    {
        return mc;
    }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "ma = " << getA() << ", "
             << "mb = " << getB() << ", "
             << "mc = " << mc << endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    cout << "sizeof(Derived) = " << sizeof(Derived) << endl;    // 12
    
    Derived d(1, 2, 3);    //构造一个对象
    
    d.print();    //ma = 1 mb = 2 mc = 3
    
    cout << "d.getA() = " << d.getA() << endl;    //1
    cout << "d.getB() = " << d.getB() << endl;    //2
    cout << "d.getC() = " << d.getC() << endl;    //3
    
    cout << endl;    //换行
    
    BaseA* pa = &d;
    BaseB* pb = &d;
    
    cout << "pa->getA() = " << pa->getA() << endl;    //1
    cout << "pb->getB() = " << pb->getB() << endl;    //2
    
    cout << endl;    //换行
    
    void* paa = pa;
    void* pbb = pb;
    
    
    if( paa == pbb )
    {
        cout << "Pointer to the same object!" << endl; 
    }
    else    //执行error
    {
        cout << "Error" << endl;
    }
    
    cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
    cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
    cout << "paa = " << paa << endl;
    cout << "pbb = " << pbb << endl; 
    
    return 0;
}

操作：

1) g++ 53-1.cpp -o 53-1.out编译正确，打印结果：

sizeof(Derived) = 12
ma = 1, mb = 2, mc = 3
d.getA() = 1
d.getB() = 2
d.getC() = 3
 
pa->getA() = 1
pb->getB() = 2
 
Error
pa = 0xbfe7e304
pb = 0xbfe7e308
paa = 0xbfe7e304
pbb = 0xbfe7e308

分析：

        同一个对象有多个虚函数表。

 

三、多重继承的问题一（多个地址）

                通过多重继承得到的对象可能拥有“不同的地址”！！

解决方案：无

 

四、多重继承的问题二

1）多重继承可能产生冗余的成员（成员变量或者成员函数）

Doctor继承Teacher和Student

Teacher和Student继承自People

People被继承多次，数据有冗余(多个名字和年龄)

 

比如：一个人可以有多个角色(多继承)

编程实验
多重继承问题二
53-2.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class People
{
    string m_name;
    int m_age;
public:
    People(string name, int age)
    {
        m_name = name;
        m_age = age;
    }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "Name = " << m_name << ", "
             << "Age = " << m_age << endl;
    }
};

class Teacher : public People
{
public:
    Teacher(string name, int age) : People(name, age) //调用父类构造函数
    {
    }
};

class Student : public People
{
public:
    Student(string name, int age) : People(name, age)  //调用父类构造函数
    {
    }
};

class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
    Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name, age), Student(name, age)
    {
    }
};

int main()
{
    Doctor d("Delphi", 33);
    
    d.print();
    
    return 0;
}

操作：

1) g++ 35-2.cpp -o 53-2.out编译错误：

53-2.cpp: In constructor ‘Doctor::Doctor(std::string, int)’:
53-2.cpp:45:73: error: type ‘People’ is not a direct base of ‘Doctor’
  Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name, age), Student(name, age), People(name, age)
错误：'People'类型不是一个'Doctor'直接基类  
53-2.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
53-2.cpp:55:4: error: request for member ‘print’ is ambiguous
  d.print();
    ^
错误：请求成员'print'是不明确的操作    
53-2.cpp:17:7: note: candidates are: void People::print()
  void print()
       ^
53-2.cpp:17:7: note:                 void People::print()

分析：

        d有多个print函数，编译器不知道调用哪个print函数。可以通过作用域访问符：

d.Teacher::print()
d.Student::print()   

打印结果：

Name = Delphi, Age = 33
Name = Delphi, Age = 33    

打印了相同的信息。

 

继续测试：

class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
    Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name + "1", age+1), Student(name + "2", age + 2), People(name, age)  //直接调用顶层父类的构造函数
    {
    }
};

打印结果：

Name = Delphi1, Age = 34
Name = Delphi2, Age = 35 

 

2) 解决办法：虚继承，代码如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class People
{
    string m_name;
    int m_age;
public:
    People(string name, int age)
    {
        m_name = name;
        m_age = age;
    }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "Name = " << m_name << ", "
             << "Age = " << m_age << endl;
    }
};

class Teacher : virtual public People
{
public:
    Teacher(string name, int age) : People(name, age) //调用父类构造函数
    {
    }
};

class Student : virtual public People
{
public:
    Student(string name, int age) : People(name, age)  //调用父类构造函数
    {
    }
};

class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
    Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name, age), Student(name, age)
    {
    }
};

int main()
{
    Doctor d("Delphi", 33);
    
    d.print();
    
    return 0;
}

g++ 53-2.cpp -o 53-2.out编译正确，打印结果：

Name = Delphi, Age = 33

       当多重继承关系出现闭合时将产生数据冗余的问题！！！！

 

解决方案：虚继承

class People { };
class Teacher : virtual public People { };
class Student : virtual public People { };
class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
};

 

1）虚继承能够解决数据冗余问题

2）中间层父类不再关心顶层父类的初始化

3）最终子类必须直接调用顶层父类的构造函数（注意）

        子类自己解决顶层初始化问题。

 

            问题：

            当架构设计中需要继承时，无法确定使用直接继承还是虚继承！！

 

小结

1）C++支持多重继承的编程方式

2）多重继承容易带来问题

        - 可能出现“同一个对象的地址不同”的情况

        - 虚继承可以解决数据冗余的问题

        - 虚继承的使得架构设计可能出现问题