Vim的使用手册

VIM的使用手册

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VIM的四种模式

正常模式：
进入VIM后默认的状态是正常模式。

命令模式：
一般是执行ex命令，在正常模式下输入“:”, “/” ,”?”等字符进入命令模式。

插入模式：
编辑命令就可以进入插入模式，如在正常模式下输入i、a、o、I、O、P等字符进入插入模式。

可视模式：
用于选择文本块，如在正常模式下输入v， 按字符选择；输入V，按行选择；按Ctrl＋V，按块选择。按两次Esc退出可视模式。

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VIM的操作

打开、进入

指令	作用
vim file	创建file文件
vim file1 file2 …	创建多个文件
vim + file	打开文件file，将光标定位到文件最后一行
vim +n file	打开文件file，将光标定位到第n行
vim +/pattern file	打开文件file，将光标定位到第一个匹配的pattern的行

退出、保存文件

指令	作用
:wq ZZ :x	保存文件、退出vim
:w :w!	保存当前文件，！表示忽略写保护
:w newfile	将文件另存为newfile
:20,100w newfile	将当前文件的20-100行的内容存到新文件newfile中
:20,100>>newfile	将当前文件的20-100行的内容追加到文件newfile中
:q :q!	不保存退出文件，!表示不保存强行退出
Q	退出vim，进入Ex模式
:e newfile	不离开vim，直接编辑newfile新文件
:n	切换到下一个文件进行编辑（多文件编辑的情况）

移动光标

指令	功能
h,j,k,l	光标分别向左、下、上、右移动一个字符，而：5h光标向左移动5个字符
3h	表示光标向左移动3个字符
w,W,b,B	w,W移动到下一个单词，b,B移动到前一个单词
3w,3b	3w向后移动3个单词，3b向前移动3个单词
)，(	“)” 移动到下一句的句尾, “（” 移动到上句的句首
:n	光标移动到第n行
nG	光标移动到第n行
gg	移动到文件的开始
G	移动到文件的末尾
[Ctrl + G]	显示文件的总行数、当前行号、列号信息
Enter	向下移动一行
0,$	光标移动到当前行首，行尾

编辑

命令	功能
插入
i, a	光标之前，之后插入文字
I, A	在当前行的行首、行尾插入文字
o, O	在当前行之下，之上新建一行，插入文字
修改
r	替代单个字符
R	替代文字
cw	修改单词，如：3cw修改3个单词
cc	修改当前行
s	替代：删除当前字符，插入新的字符
S	替代：删除当前行，插入新内容
删除
x, X	删除光标所在的位置，光标之前的字符：而：5x删除5个字符
dw	删除光标所在的位置的单词，而：2dw或d2w删除2个单词
dd	删除当前行，而：5dd或d5d删除5行
D	删除光标所在的位置到行尾的所有内容
复制(yank)
yw	复制单词，而：3yw或y3w复制3个单词
yy	复制当前行，而：2yy或y2y复制2行
粘贴
p(小写)	将删除、复制的内容插入到光标所在的位置之后
P(大写)	将删除、复制的内容插入到光标所在的位置之前
其他命令
.	重复上一次的编译命令
u, U	撤销上一次操作，恢复当前行

样式匹配及替换

命令	功能
当前行匹配
:s/pattern/new-str/	将当前一行中的第一个匹配的pattern字符串替换为new-str
:s/pattern/new-str/g	将当前行中所有匹配pattern的字符串替换为new-str
指定范围匹配
:5,26s/pattern/new-str/g	将5-26行中所有匹配的pattern的字符串替换为new-str
全局范围匹配
:%s/pattern/new-str/g	将整个文件中所有匹配pattern的字符串替换为new-str，%代表所有行
:g/pattern/s/old/new/g	在整个文件中，将匹配的pattern的行中所有的old替换为new
显示所有匹配
:g/pattern/p	显示所有匹配到的样式，g表示全局，p代表打印

与shell的交互

命令	功能
:sh	切换到shell
Ctrl+D	在shell环境中按Ctrl+D返回vim
:! command	在vim中临时执行shell命令

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VIM配置文件的优化

配置	功能
set nu	“显示行号
color asmaniana	“设置背景主题
syntax on	“语法高亮
set background=dark	“背景使用黑色
set encoding=utf-8	“设置编码方式
set tabstop=4	“设置tab键的宽度为4
set softtabsstop=4	“统一缩进宽度为4
set wrap	“自动换行
set autoindent	“自动对齐
set smartindent	“智能对齐
set showmatch	“设置显示匹配
set mouse=a	“在GUI坏境中允许鼠标操作
set smartcase
set expandtab	“用space 来代替 tab
set backspace=eol,start,indent	“设置退格键

VIM安装插件

示例：安装YouCompleteMe插件

Linux Ubuntu X64安装方法

准备环境

确保vim的版本高于7.3.598，并且支持python2和python3。

补充： 使用vim -version查看版本号，在vim编辑器中使用:echo
has(“python”)的Ex命令，显示1则标志支持Python，显示0则不支持。

安装Vundle

在普通用户下使用命令：
$ git clone https://github.com/VundleVim/Vundle.vim.git ~/.vim/bundle
/Vundle.vim

配置.vimrc文件

如果.vimrc文件没有，则在自己用户目录下新建一个.vimrc。
然后在.vimrc里面新增加一条：
Plugin ‘Valloric/YouCompleteMe’

安装YouCompleteMe插件

在Bash下输入vim +PluginInstall +qall 或者进入vim，输入:PluginInstall
这个时候我们可以开始看见在VIM中正在处理YouCompleteMe插件。

安装工具
$ sudo apt-get install build-essential cmake

$ sudo apt-get install python-dev python3-dev

编译YCM支持C系列语言
$ cd ~/.vim/bundle/YouCompleteMe

$ .install.sh –clang-completer

这个过程会自动安装clang，时间稍微有点长。

补充： 如果图简单，那么可以直接./install.sh -all，这样所有的语言支持都安装上了。

配置.vimrc文件

let g:ycm_global_ycm_extra_conf='~/.ycm_extra_conf.py'
let g:ycm_collect_identifiers_from_tag_files = 1
let g:ycm_seed_identifiers_with_syntax = 1
let g:ycm_confirm_extra_conf=0
let g:ycm_key_invoke_completion = '<C-/>'
nnoremap <F5> :YcmForceCompileAndDiagnostics<CR>

拷贝到.ycm_extra_conf.py文件

拷贝一下内容，到普通用户目录的.ycm_extrea_conf.py

# This file is NOT licensed under the GPLv3, which is the license for the rest
# of YouCompleteMe.
#
# Here's the license text for this file:
#
# This is free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.
#
# Anyone is free to copy, modify, publish, use, compile, sell, or
# distribute this software, either in source code form or as a compiled
# binary, for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial, and by any
# means.
#
# In jurisdictions that recognize copyright laws, the author or authors
# of this software dedicate any and all copyright interest in the
# software to the public domain. We make this dedication for the benefit
# of the public at large and to the detriment of our heirs and
# successors. We intend this dedication to be an overt act of
# relinquishment in perpetuity of all present and future rights to this
# software under copyright law.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
# IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
# OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
# ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
# For more information, please refer to <http://unlicense.org/>

import os
import ycm_core

# These are the compilation flags that will be used in case there's no
# compilation database set (by default, one is not set).
# CHANGE THIS LIST OF FLAGS. YES, THIS IS THE DROID YOU HAVE BEEN LOOKING FOR.
flags = [
'-Wall',
'-Wextra',
'-Werror',
'-Wc++98-compat',
'-Wno-long-long',
'-Wno-variadic-macros',
'-fexceptions',
'-DNDEBUG',
# You 100% do NOT need -DUSE_CLANG_COMPLETER in your flags; only the YCM
# source code needs it.
'-DUSE_CLANG_COMPLETER',
# THIS IS IMPORTANT! Without a "-std=<something>" flag, clang won't know which
# language to use when compiling headers. So it will guess. Badly. So C++
# headers will be compiled as C headers. You don't want that so ALWAYS specify
# a "-std=<something>".
# For a C project, you would set this to something like 'c99' instead of
# 'c++11'.
'-std=c++11',
# ...and the same thing goes for the magic -x option which specifies the
# language that the files to be compiled are written in. This is mostly
# relevant for c++ headers.
# For a C project, you would set this to 'c' instead of 'c++'.
'-x',
'c++',
'-isystem',
'../BoostParts',
'-isystem',
# This path will only work on OS X, but extra paths that don't exist are not
# harmful
'/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Headers',
'-isystem',
'../llvm/include',
'-isystem',
'../llvm/tools/clang/include',
'-I',
'.',
'-I',
'./ClangCompleter',
'-isystem',
'./tests/gmock/gtest',
'-isystem',
'./tests/gmock/gtest/include',
'-isystem',
'./tests/gmock',
'-isystem',
'./tests/gmock/include',
]


# Set this to the absolute path to the folder (NOT the file!) containing the
# compile_commands.json file to use that instead of 'flags'. See here for
# more details: http://clang.llvm.org/docs/JSONCompilationDatabase.html
#
# You can get CMake to generate this file for you by adding:
#   set( CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS 1 )
# to your CMakeLists.txt file.
#
# Most projects will NOT need to set this to anything; you can just change the
# 'flags' list of compilation flags. Notice that YCM itself uses that approach.
compilation_database_folder = ''

if os.path.exists( compilation_database_folder ):
  database = ycm_core.CompilationDatabase( compilation_database_folder )
else:
  database = None

SOURCE_EXTENSIONS = [ '.cpp', '.cxx', '.cc', '.c', '.m', '.mm' ]

def DirectoryOfThisScript():
  return os.path.dirname( os.path.abspath( __file__ ) )


def MakeRelativePathsInFlagsAbsolute( flags, working_directory ):
  if not working_directory:
    return list( flags )
  new_flags = []
  make_next_absolute = False
  path_flags = [ '-isystem', '-I', '-iquote', '--sysroot=' ]
  for flag in flags:
    new_flag = flag

    if make_next_absolute:
      make_next_absolute = False
      if not flag.startswith( '/' ):
        new_flag = os.path.join( working_directory, flag )

    for path_flag in path_flags:
      if flag == path_flag:
        make_next_absolute = True
        break

      if flag.startswith( path_flag ):
        path = flag[ len( path_flag ): ]
        new_flag = path_flag + os.path.join( working_directory, path )
        break

    if new_flag:
      new_flags.append( new_flag )
  return new_flags


def IsHeaderFile( filename ):
  extension = os.path.splitext( filename )[ 1 ]
  return extension in [ '.h', '.hxx', '.hpp', '.hh' ]


def GetCompilationInfoForFile( filename ):
  # The compilation_commands.json file generated by CMake does not have entries
  # for header files. So we do our best by asking the db for flags for a
  # corresponding source file, if any. If one exists, the flags for that file
  # should be good enough.
  if IsHeaderFile( filename ):
    basename = os.path.splitext( filename )[ 0 ]
    for extension in SOURCE_EXTENSIONS:
      replacement_file = basename + extension
      if os.path.exists( replacement_file ):
        compilation_info = database.GetCompilationInfoForFile(
          replacement_file )
        if compilation_info.compiler_flags_:
          return compilation_info
    return None
  return database.GetCompilationInfoForFile( filename )


def FlagsForFile( filename, **kwargs ):
  if database:
    # Bear in mind that compilation_info.compiler_flags_ does NOT return a
    # python list, but a "list-like" StringVec object
    compilation_info = GetCompilationInfoForFile( filename )
    if not compilation_info:
      return None

    final_flags = MakeRelativePathsInFlagsAbsolute(
      compilation_info.compiler_flags_,
      compilation_info.compiler_working_dir_ )

    # NOTE: This is just for YouCompleteMe; it's highly likely that your project
    # does NOT need to remove the stdlib flag. DO NOT USE THIS IN YOUR
    # ycm_extra_conf IF YOU'RE NOT 100% SURE YOU NEED IT.
    try:
      final_flags.remove( '-stdlib=libc++' )
    except ValueError:
      pass
  else:
    relative_to = DirectoryOfThisScript()
    final_flags = MakeRelativePathsInFlagsAbsolute( flags, relative_to )

  return {
    'flags': final_flags,
    'do_cache': True
  }

VIM常见问题

在Vim中保存修改后的只能写的文件

使用:w !sudo tee %
w 写文件
!sudo 调用shell指令sudo
tee 将写输出(vim :w)重定向，%代表当前文件

在Vim中Insert模式下，退格键不删除字符

在Vim中，backspace有几种工作模式，默认是vi兼容的。
可以使用set backspace=indent,eol,start

indent 退格键可以删除字段缩进
eol 插入模式下，backspace将两行合并
start 要删除此次插入前的输入