Bocy的专栏

Copyright Praise for Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment, Second Edition Praise for the First Edition Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series Foreword Preface Introduction Changes from the First Edition Acknowledgments Preface to the First Edition Introduction Unix Standards Organization of the Book Examples in the Text Systems Used to Test the Examples Acknowledgments Chapter 1. UNIX System Overview Section 1.1. Introduction Section 1.2. UNIX Architecture Section 1.3. Logging In Section 1.4. Files and Directories Section 1.5. Input and Output Section 1.6. Programs and Processes Section 1.7. Error Handling Section 1.8. User Identification Section 1.9. Signals Section 1.10. Time Values Section 1.11. System Calls and Library Functions Section 1.12. Summary Exercises Chapter 2. UNIX Standardization and Implementations Section 2.1. Introduction Section 2.2. UNIX Standardization Section 2.3. UNIX System Implementations Section 2.4. Relationship of Standards and Implementations Section 2.5. Limits Section 2.6. Options Section 2.7. Feature Test Macros Section 2.8. Primitive System Data Types Section 2.9. Conflicts Between Standards Section 2.10. Summary Exercises Chapter 3. File I/O Section 3.1. Introduction Section 3.2. File Descriptors Section 3.3. open Function Section 3.4. creat Function Section 3.5. close Function Section 3.6. lseek Function Section 3.7. read Function Section 3.8. write Function Section 3.9. I/O Efficiency Section 3.10. File Sharing Section 3.11. Atomic Operations Section 3.12. dup and dup2 Functions Section 3.13. sync, fsync, and fdatasync Functions Section 3.14. fcntl Function Section 3.15. ioctl Function Section 3.16. /dev/fd Section 3.17. Summary Exercises Chapter 4. Files and Directories Section 4.1. Introduction Section 4.2. stat, fstat, and lstat Functions Section 4.3. File Types Section 4.4. Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID Section 4.5. File Access Permissions Section 4.6. Ownership of New Files and Directories Section 4.7. access Function Section 4.8. umask Function Section 4.9. chmod and fchmod Functions Section 4.10. Sticky Bit Section 4.11. chown, fchown, and lchown Functions Section 4.12. File Size Section 4.13. File Truncation Section 4.14. File Systems Section 4.15. link, unlink, remove, and rename Functions Section 4.16. Symbolic Links Section 4.17. symlink and readlink Functions Section 4.18. File Times Section 4.19. utime Function Section 4.20. mkdir and rmdir Functions Section 4.21. Reading Directories Section 4.22. chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions Section 4.23. Device Special Files Section 4.24. Summary of File Access Permission Bits Section 4.25. Summary Exercises Chapter 5. Standard I/O Library Section 5.1. Introduction Section 5.2. Streams and FILE Objects Section 5.3. Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error Section 5.4. Buffering Section 5.5. Opening a Stream Section 5.6. Reading and Writing a Stream Section 5.7. Line-at-a-Time I/O Section 5.8. Standard I/O Efficiency Section 5.9. Binary I/O Section 5.10. Positioning a Stream Section 5.11. Formatted I/O Section 5.12. Implementation Details Section 5.13. Temporary Files Section 5.14. Alternatives to Standard I/O Section 5.15. Summary Exercises Chapter 6. System Data Files and Information Section 6.1. Introduction Section 6.2. Password File Section 6.3. Shadow Passwords Section 6.4. Group File Section 6.5. Supplementary Group IDs Section 6.6. Implementation Differences Section 6.7. Other Data Files Section 6.8. Login Accounting Section 6.9. System Identification Section 6.10. Time and Date Routines Section 6.11. Summary Exercises Chapter 7. Process Environment Section 7.1. Introduction Section 7.2. main Function Section 7.3. Process Termination Section 7.4. Command-Line Arguments Section 7.5. Environment List Section 7.6. Memory Layout of a C Program Section 7.7. Shared Libraries Section 7.8. Memory Allocation Section 7.9. Environment Variables Section 7.10. setjmp and longjmp Functions Section 7.11. getrlimit and setrlimit Functions Section 7.12. Summary Exercises Chapter 8. Process Control Section 8.1. Introduction Section 8.2. Process Identifiers Section 8.3. fork Function Section 8.4. vfork Function Section 8.5. exit Functions Section 8.6. wait and waitpid Functions Section 8.7. waitid Function Section 8.8. wait3 and wait4 Functions Section 8.9. Race Conditions Section 8.10. exec Functions Section 8.11. Changing User IDs and Group IDs Section 8.12. Interpreter Files Section 8.13. system Function Section 8.14. Process Accounting Section 8.15. User Identification Section 8.16. Process Times Section 8.17. Summary Exercises Chapter 9. Process Relationships Section 9.1. Introduction Section 9.2. Terminal Logins Section 9.3. Network Logins Section 9.4. Process Groups Section 9.5. Sessions Section 9.6. Controlling Terminal Section 9.7. tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp, and tcgetsid Functions Section 9.8. Job Control Section 9.9. Shell Execution of Programs Section 9.10. Orphaned Process Groups Section 9.11. FreeBSD Implementation Section 9.12. Summary Exercises Chapter 10. Signals Section 10.1. Introduction Section 10.2. Signal Concepts Section 10.3. signal Function Section 10.4. Unreliable Signals Section 10.5. Interrupted System Calls Section 10.6. Reentrant Functions Section 10.7. SIGCLD Semantics Section 10.8. Reliable-Signal Terminology and Semantics Section 10.9. kill and raise Functions Section 10.10. alarm and pause Functions Section 10.11. Signal Sets Section 10.12. sigprocmask Function Section 10.13. sigpending Function Section 10.14. sigaction Function Section 10.15. sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions Section 10.16. sigsuspend Function Section 10.17. abort Function Section 10.18. system Function Section 10.19. sleep Function Section 10.20. Job-Control Signals Section 10.21. Additional Features Section 10.22. Summary Exercises Chapter 11. Threads Section 11.1. Introduction Section 11.2. Thread Concepts Section 11.3. Thread Identification Section 11.4. Thread Creation Section 11.5. Thread Termination Section 11.6. Thread Synchronization Section 11.7. Summary Exercises Chapter 12. Thread Control Section 12.1. Introduction Section 12.2. Thread Limits Section 12.3. Thread Attributes Section 12.4. Synchronization Attributes Section 12.5. Reentrancy Section 12.6. Thread-Specific Data Section 12.7. Cancel Options Section 12.8. Threads and Signals Section 12.9. Threads and fork Section 12.10. Threads and I/O Section 12.11. Summary Exercises Chapter 13. Daemon Processes Section 13.1. Introduction Section 13.2. Daemon Characteristics Section 13.3. Coding Rules Section 13.4. Error Logging Section 13.5. Single-Instance Daemons Section 13.6. Daemon Conventions Section 13.7. ClientServer Model Section 13.8. Summary Exercises Chapter 14. Advanced I/O Section 14.1. Introduction Section 14.2. Nonblocking I/O Section 14.3. Record Locking Section 14.4. STREAMS Section 14.5. I/O Multiplexing Section 14.6. Asynchronous I/O Section 14.7. readv and writev Functions Section 14.8. readn and writen Functions Section 14.9. Memory-Mapped I/O Section 14.10. Summary Exercises Chapter 15. Interprocess Communication Section 15.1. Introduction Section 15.2. Pipes Section 15.3. popen and pclose Functions Section 15.4. Coprocesses Section 15.5. FIFOs Section 15.6. XSI IPC Section 15.7. Message Queues Section 15.8. Semaphores Section 15.9. Shared Memory Section 15.10. ClientServer Properties Section 15.11. Summary Exercises Chapter 16. Network IPC: Sockets Section 16.1. Introduction Section 16.2. Socket Descriptors Section 16.3. Addressing Section 16.4. Connection Establishment Section 16.5. Data Transfer Section 16.6. Socket Options Section 16.7. Out-of-Band Data Section 16.8. Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O Section 16.9. Summary Exercises Chapter 17. Advanced IPC Section 17.1. Introduction Section 17.2. STREAMS-Based Pipes Section 17.3. UNIX Domain Sockets Section 17.4. Passing File Descriptors Section 17.5. An Open Server, Version 1 Section 17.6. An Open Server, Version 2 Section 17.7. Summary Exercises Chapter 18. Terminal I/O Section 18.1. Introduction Section 18.2. Overview Section 18.3. Special Input Characters Section 18.4. Getting and Setting Terminal Attributes Section 18.5. Terminal Option Flags Section 18.6. stty Command Section 18.7. Baud Rate Functions Section 18.8. Line Control Functions Section 18.9. Terminal Identification Section 18.10. Canonical Mode Section 18.11. Noncanonical Mode Section 18.12. Terminal Window Size Section 18.13. termcap, terminfo, and curses Section 18.14. Summary Exercises Chapter 19. Pseudo Terminals Section 19.1. Introduction Section 19.2. Overview Section 19.3. Opening Pseudo-Terminal Devices Section 19.4. pty_fork Function Section 19.5. pty Program Section 19.6. Using the pty Program Section 19.7. Advanced Features Section 19.8. Summary Exercises Chapter 20. A Database Library Section 20.1. Introduction Section 20.2. History Section 20.3. The Library Section 20.4. Implementation Overview Section 20.5. Centralized or Decentralized? Section 20.6. Concurrency Section 20.7. Building the Library Section 20.8. Source Code Section 20.9. Performance Section 20.10. Summary Exercises Chapter 21. Communicating with a Network Printer Section 21.1. Introduction Section 21.2. The Internet Printing Protocol Section 21.3. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol Section 21.4. Printer Spooling Section 21.5. Source Code Section 21.6. Summary Exercises Appendix A. Function Prototypes Appendix B. Miscellaneous Source Code Section B.1. Our Header File B.2 Standard Error Routines Appendix C. Solutions to Selected Exercises Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Bibliography Index

C语言教程 1 C语言概述 1.1 Ｃ语言的发展过程 Ｃ语言是在 70 年代初问世的。一九七八年由美国电话电报公司(AT&T)贝尔实验室正式发表了Ｃ语言。同时由B.W.Kernighan和D.M.Ritchit合著了著名的“THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE”一书。通常简称为《K&R》，也有人称之为《K&R》标准。但是，在《K&R》中并没有定义一个完整的标准C 语言，后来由美国国家标准协会（American National Standards Institute）在此基础上制定了一个C 语言标准，于一九八三年发表。通常称之为ANSI C。 1.2 当代最优秀的程序设计语言 早期的C 语言主要是用于UNIX系统。由于Ｃ语言的强大功能和各方面的优点逐渐为人们认识，到了八十年代，C开始进入其它操作系统，并很快在各类大、中、小和微型计算机上得到了广泛的使用，成为当代最优秀的程序设计语言之一。 1.3 Ｃ语言版本 目前最流行的Ｃ语言有以下几种： •Microsoft C 或称 MS C •Borland Turbo C 或称 Turbo C •AT&T C 这些Ｃ语言版本不仅实现了ANSI C标准，而且在此基础上各自作了一些扩充，使之更加方便、完美。 1.4 Ｃ语言的特点 1•C语言简洁、紧凑，使用方便、灵活。ANSI C一共只有32个关键字: auto break case char const continue default do double else enum extern float for goto if int long register return short signed static sizof struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while 9种控制语句，程序书写自由，主要用小写字母表示，压缩了一切不必要的成分。 Turbo C扩充了11个关键字： asm _cs _ds _es _ss cdecl far huge interrupt near pascal 注意：在C语言中，关键字都是小写的。 2•运算符丰富。共有34种。C把括号、赋值、逗号等都作为运算符处理。从而使C的运算类型极为丰富，可以实现其他高级语言难以实现的运算。 3•数据结构类型丰富。 4•具有结构化的控制语句。 5•语法限制不太严格，程序设计自由度大。 6•C语言允许直接访问物理地址，能进行位（bit）操作，能实现汇编语言的大部分功能，可以直接对硬件进行操作。因此有人把它称为中级语言。 7•生成目标代码质量高，程序执行效率高。 8•与汇编语言相比，用C语言写的程序可移植性好。 但是，C语言对程序员要求也高，程序员用C写程序会感到限制少、灵活性大，功能强，但较其他高级语言在学习上要困难一些。