＜out E＞ ＜E＞

e.g 下面中的及 解释

abstract class AbstractList<out E> : 
    AbstractCollection<E>,
    List<E>

In the example you provided, AbstractList is a generic class with a type parameter E that extends the Any class (Kotlin’s equivalent of Java’s Object class).

<out E> is a variance annotation that specifies that the type parameter E is covariant. This means that the AbstractList class can be used as a producer of E-typed elements.

out keyword is used to indicate that the type E will only be used in out positions (return types) in the class.

On the other hand, <E> without any keyword, means that the type parameter E is invariant. This means that the type E can be used in both in and out positions (method parameters and return types) in the class.

Here’s an example to illustrate the difference between out and no keyword:

class Producer<out T> {
    fun produce(): T = TODO()
}

class User {
    fun process(p: Producer<String>) {
        println(p.produce())
    }
}

fun main() {
    val user = User()
    val producer = Producer<Number>() // this is fine
    user.process(producer) // this will fail
}

In this example, the Producer class is defined with a covariant type parameter T. The process method of the User class takes a Producer<String> as a parameter. However, when trying to pass a Producer<Number> to the process method, the code will fail to compile. This is because the produce() method of the Producer class returns a T, and since T is covariant, it can’t be guaranteed that the returned value will be a String.

On the other hand, if we remove the out keyword from the Producer class, the code will compile and run without any issues.

In summary, out keyword is used to indicate that the type parameter will only be used in out positions (return types) in the class, and it allows you to use a more specific type when calling a method, but not when passing a method as a parameter.

Please let me know if you have any questions or if there’s anything else I can help you with.

中文翻译：
示例中，AbstractList是一个带有类型参数E（扩展Any类）的泛型类。

<out E>是一个可变性注解，指示类型参数E是协变的。这意味着AbstractList类可用作E类型元素的生产者。

out关键字用于指示类型E将仅用作输出位置（返回类型） in the class.

另一方面，<E>而没有任何关键字，意味着类型参数E是不变的。这意味着类型E可用于类中的方法参数和返回类型。

以下是一个示例，说明了out和没有关键字之间的区别：

class Producer<out T> {
    fun produce(): T = TODO()
}

class User {
    fun process(p: Producer<String>) {
        println(p.produce())
    }
}

fun main() {
    val user = User()
    val producer = Producer<Number>() // 这是没问题的
    user.process(producer) // 这将失败
}

在这个例子中，Producer类被定义为一个协变类型参数T。User类的process方法接受一个Producer<String>作为参数。然而，当尝试将Producer<Number>传递给process方法时，代码将无法编译。这是因为Producer类的produce()方法返回一个T，因为T是协变的，无法保证返回的值将是一个String。

另一方面，如果我们从Producer类中删除out关键字，代码将编译和运行而无问题。

总之，out关键字用于指示类型参数将仅用作输出位置（返回类型） in the class，这允许您在调用方法时使用更具体的类型，但不能在将方法作为参数传递时。

请告诉我，如果您有任何问题，或者如果有其他方面需要帮助。