爬虫的示范

import time
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import re
import csv
 
 
def get_links(url):
    # 发送GET请求并获取页面内容
    response = requests.get(url)
    # 解析HTML
    soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
    # 提取所有链接
    links = []
    for link in soup.find_all('a'):
        href = link.get('href')
        if href and href.startswith('http'):
            links.append(href)
            save_data(href, "", f"data_url.csv")
 
    return links
 
 
def scrape_data(url):
    # 发送GET请求获取网页内容
    response = requests.get(url)
    # 获取网页内容的编码
    # encoding = response.encoding
    encoding = 'gbk'
    # 解析网页内容
    soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
    # 剔除标签并获取文本内容
    text = soup.get_text()
    # 去除多余的空格和换行符
    text = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', text).strip()
    # 解码unicode字符
    decoded_text = text.encode(encoding, errors='ignore').decode(encoding)
    return decoded_text
 
 
def save_data(url, data, filename):
    with open(filename, 'a', newline='') as file:
        writer = csv.writer(file)
        writer.writerow([url, data])  # 写入数据行
    print(f"保存成功: {filename}")
 
 
def crawl(start_url, depth=2):
    visited = set()  # 存储已访问的链接
    queue = [(start_url, 0)]  # 使用队列实现广度优先搜索，同时记录深度
 
    while queue:
        url, level = queue.pop(0)  # 从队列中取出一个链接
        if level > depth:  # 达到指定深度则停止
            break
        try:
            if url not in visited:
                visited.add(url)
                print(f"正在爬取: {url}")
                # 爬取数据
                data = scrape_data(url)
                # 保存数据
                save_data(url, data, f"data_{level}.csv")
                # 获取链接
                links = get_links(url)
                # 将链接添加到队列中
                queue.extend([(link, level + 1) for link in links])
            # time.sleep(1)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"发生异常: {str(e)}，跳过链接: {url}")
            continue
 
 
start_url = 'https://www.ferrari.com/zh-CN/news'
crawl(start_url, depth=2)