python基础编程语法-Python基础及语法（十三）

数据库开发

比较有名的模块有：

MySQLdb 支持Python2，不知道Python3，已停止更新

mysqlclient 在MySQLdb的基础上支持Python3

MYSQL官方Connector 网址：https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/

pymysql 语法兼容MySQLdb，使用纯Python写的Mysql客户端库，支持Python3

pymysql与MySQLdb模块

MySQLdb的安装命令是：pip install mysqlclient

import pymysql

import MySQLdb

conn = None

cursor = None

try:

# conn = pymysql.connect(host='localhost', user='user', password='password', database='test', port=3306) # 用pymysql建立mysql连接

conn = MySQLdb.connect(host='localhost', user='user', password='password', database='db_test', port=3306) # 用MySQLdb建立mysql连接

print(type(conn), conn)

conn.ping(False) # ping不通抛异常，True则重连

# with conn as cursor: # pymysql支持上下文获得游标

cursor = conn.cursor() # 获得游标

sql = """select * from tb_test"""

rows = cursor.execute(sql) # 执行sql语句

print(rows) # 返回行数

print('1', cursor.rownumber, cursor.rowcount) # 游标当前行数，总行数

print(cursor.fetchone()) # 返回一行

print('2', cursor.rownumber, cursor.rowcount)

print(cursor.fetchmany(2)) # 返回指定若干行

print('3', cursor.rownumber, cursor.rowcount)

cursor.rownumber = 0 # 设置游标行数，支持正负数

print(cursor.fetchall()) # 返回游标后的所有行

print('4', cursor.rownumber, cursor.rowcount)

conn.commit() # 进行增删改时，需要提交事务，查不用

except:

conn.rollback() # 事务回滚

finally:

if cursor:

cursor.close() # 关闭游标

if conn:

conn.close() # 关闭数据库连接

元编程

写代码来生成需要的代码，这就是元编程

类构建

class Test(object):

a = 1

def __init__(self, b):

self.b = b

def init(self, b):

self.b = b

test = type('test', (object,), {'__init__': init})

test.a = 1

print(type(Test), Test, Test.mro(), Test.__dict__)

print(type(test), test, test.mro(), Test.__dict__)

t1 = Test(3)

t2 = test(3)

print(t1.a)

print(t2.a)

print(type(t1), t1, t1.__dict__)

print(type(t2), t2, t2.__dict__)

# test与Test结构一样

构建元类

class A(type): # 元类

def __new__(cls, name, bases, dicts):

print(cls)

print(name)

print(bases)

print(dicts)

return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dicts)

class B(A): # 继承父类

pass

class C(metaclass=A): # 使用元类A

pass

class D(C): # 继承父类C，使用元类A

pass

E = A('E', (C,), {})

print(type(A), A.__bases__) # (,)

print(type(B), B.__bases__) # (,)

print(type(C), C.__bases__, C.mro()) # (,)

print(type(D), D.__bases__, D.mro()) # (,)

print(type(E), E.__bases__, E.mro()) # (,)