1.接口的定义:
public interface Callable<V>
{
V call() throws Exception;
}
2.Callable和Runnable的异同
先看下Runnable接口的定义
public interface Runnable {
public abstract void run();
}
相同点:
1、两者都是接口
2、两者都需要调用Thread.start启动线程
不同点:
1、如上面代码所示,callable的核心是call方法,允许返回值,runnable的核心是run方法,没有返回值
2、call方法可以抛出异常,但是run方法不行
3、因为runnable是java1.1就有了,所以他不存在返回值,后期在java1.5进行了优化,就出现了callable,就有了返回值和抛异常
4、callable和runnable都可以应用于executors。而thread类只支持runnable
3. Callable类型的任务可以有两种执行方式:
我们先定义一个Callable任务MyCallableTask:
class MyCallableTask implements Callable<Integer>{
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
System.out.println("线程在进行计算");
Thread.sleep(3000);
int sum = 0;
for(int i=0;i<100;i++)
sum += i;
return sum;
}
}
①借助FutureTask执行
FutureTask类同时实现了两个接口,Future和Runnable接口,所以它既可以作为Runnable被线程执行,又可以作为Future得到Callable的返回值。
借助FutureTask执行的大体流程是:
Callable<Integer> mycallabletask = new MyCallableTask();
FutureTask<Integer> futuretask= new FutureTask<Integer>(mycallabletask);
new Thread(futuretask).start();
通过futuretask可以得到MyCallableTask的call()的运行结果: futuretask.get();
②借助线程池来运行
线程池中执行Callable任务的原型例如:
public interface ExecutorService extends Executor {
//提交一个Callable任务,返回值为一个Future类型
<T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task);
//other methods...
}
借助线程池来运行Callable任务的一般流程为:
ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
Future<Integer> future = exec.submit(new MyCallableTask());
4. 底层原理
FutureTask对象实现了Runable接口
看一下它的run方法。
public void run() {
if (state != NEW ||
!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
null, Thread.currentThread()))
return;
try {
Callable<V> c = callable;
if (c != null && state == NEW) {
V result;
boolean ran;
try {
//拿到结果设置ran为true
result = c.call();
ran = true;
} catch (Throwable ex) {
//异常设置结果为空ran为false并设置异常
result = null;
ran = false;
setException(ex);
}
//ran为true时放入结果
if (ran)
set(result);
}
} finally {
// runner must be non-null until state is settled to
// prevent concurrent calls to run()
runner = null;
// state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
// leaked interrupts
int s = state;
if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
}
}
public V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
int s = state;
//会一直挂起知道处理业务的线程完成,唤醒等待线程
if (s <= COMPLETING)
s = awaitDone(false, 0L);
return report(s);
}
我们调用get方法时,他先查询线程状态,如果未完成,就调用awaitDone方法。
private int awaitDone(boolean timed, long nanos)
throws InterruptedException {
//如果设置了超时时间就获取截止时间
final long deadline = timed ? System.nanoTime() + nanos : 0L;
WaitNode q = null;
boolean queued = false;
/循环监视线程的状态
for (;;) {
if (Thread.interrupted()) {
removeWaiter(q);
throw new InterruptedException();
}
int s = state;
if (s > COMPLETING) {
if (q != null)
q.thread = null;
return s;
}
else if (s == COMPLETING) // cannot time out yet
Thread.yield();
else if (q == null)
q = new WaitNode();
else if (!queued)
queued = UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset,
q.next = waiters, q);
else if (timed) {
nanos = deadline - System.nanoTime();
if (nanos <= 0L) {
removeWaiter(q);
return state;
}
LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanos);
}
else
LockSupport.park(this);
}
}
带有超时时间的get,到达时间后,会判断线程状态,如果未完成,抛出超时异常。
public V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
if (unit == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
int s = state;
if (s <= COMPLETING &&
(s = awaitDone(true, unit.toNanos(timeout))) <= COMPLETING)
throw new TimeoutException();
return report(s);
}
因此,带有返回值得异步线程基本上可以这样理解。
由于有返回值,如果未设置等待时间,会等线程执行完成后返回,基本类似同步。其原理是线程运行后,如果未完成,会放入等待队列。直到线程状态变化(完成或者异常等)。如果设置了等待时间,则到时间后无论线程状态是否完成都会返回线程状态。