计算机网络协议学习总结

计算机网络协议分层

目前关于网络通信的标准有两套协议，分别是 OSI 参考模型和 TCP/IP 模型。OSI 参考模型只用于理论研究，而 TCP/IP 模型更注重于实际应用，他们的关系如下：

          +-------------------------+             +----------------------+
          |                         |             |                      |
          |         OSI Model       |             |    TCP/IP Model      |
          |                         |             |                      |
          +-------------------------+             +----------------------+
          |    Application Layer    |             |                      |
          +-------------------------+             |                      |
          |    Presentation Layer   |             |  Application Layer   |
          +-------------------------+             |                      |
          |    Session Layer        |             |                      |
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          |    Transport Layer      |             |  Transport Layer     |
          +-------------------------+             +----------------------+
          |    Network Layer        |             |  Internet Layer      |
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          |    Data Link Layer      |             |                      |
          +-------------------------+             | Network Access Layer |
          |    Physical Layer       |             |                      |
          +-------------------------+             +----------------------+

TCP/IP 模型各层常见协议

                          +--------+  +--------+  +-----------+   +--------+                      |
    Application Layer     |  ping  |  | telnet |  |   OSPF    |   |  DNS   |       User Space     |
                          +---+----+  +----+---+  +----+------+   +---+----+                      |
                              |            |           |              |                           |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------socket------------
                              |            |           |              |                           |
                              |       +----+---+       |          +---+----+                      |
    Transport Layer           |       |   TCP  |       |          |  UDP   |                      |
                              |       +--------+----+  |  +-------+--------+                      |
                              |                     |  |  |                                       |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------                |
                              |                     |  |  |                                       |
                          +---+----+             +--+--+--+-+                                     |
    Internet Layer        |  ICMP  +-------------+    IP    |                       Kernel Space  |
                          +--------+             +-----+----+                                     |
                                                       |                                          |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------                |
                                                       |                                          |
                           +--------+            +-----+----+      +-------+                      |
    Network Access Layer   |  ARP   +------------+ DataLink +------+ RARP  |                      |
                           +--------+            +-----+----+      +-------+                      |
                                                       |                                          v
-------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------  Physical media

TCP/IP 数据包的封装与解封

在 TCP/IP 网络中，通信双方的交互过程就是对协议的封装与解封装的过程，发送方数