matlab 画图时遇到的一些问题以及解决方法

matlab 画图时遇到的一些问题以及解决方法

最近在使用 matlab 画图时，遇到了许许多多各式各样的问题，有些问题甚至折腾了很久才搞好，特此记录下来。

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1. 设置画图时图中线段的粗细

   plot(x1,y1,'b-','LineWidth',2);
   

2. 设置x轴y轴的范围

   axis([0,3000,0,100]);
   

3. 多张图在一个页面中绘出

   % 绘完每张图后在使用 hold on,并在最后使用 hold off
   plot(x1,y1,'b-','LineWidth',2);
   hold on;
   plot(x2,y2,'r:','LineWidth',2);
   hold off;
   

4. 设置图例的位置
   详见官方文档：https://ww2.mathworks.cn/help/releases/R2016b/matlab/ref/legend.html?searchHighlight=legend&s_tid=doc_srchtitle#zmw57dd0e451323

   % Location 表示相对于坐标的位置，northwest 表示 左上
   legend('location', 'northwest');
   

5. 去除图中上方与右方的的边框
   • 方法一：在绘图操作（plot）之前添加 hold on; 即可

     hold on;
     plot(x1,y1,'b-','LineWidth',2);
     

   • 方法二：在绘图操作（plot）之后添加 box off; 即可

     plot(x1,y1,'b-','LineWidth',2);
     box off;
     

6. 设置 X 轴标签为中文

   set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'第一个','第二个','第三个'});
   

7. 为柱状图进行形状填充
   使用自封装函数 applyhatch.m，相关链接：https://www.ilovematlab.cn/thread-177581-1-1.html

   • 首先新建函数脚本applyhatch.m

     function applyhatch(h,patterns,colorlist)
     %APPLYHATCHApply hatched patterns to a figure
     % APPLYHATCH(H,PATTERNS) creates a new figure from the figure H by
     % replacing distinct colors in H with the black and white
     % patterns in PATTERNS. The format for PATTERNS can be
     %   a string of the characters '/', '\', '|', '-', '+', 'x', '.'
     %   a cell array of matrices of zeros (white) and ones (black)
     %
     % APPLYHATCH(H,PATTERNS,COLORS) maps the colors in the n by 3
     % matrix COLORS to PATTERNS. Each row of COLORS specifies an RGB
     % color value.
     %
     % Note this function makes a bitmap image of H and so is limited
     % to low-resolution, bitmap output.
     %
     % Example 1:
     %   bar(rand(3,4));
     %   applyhatch(gcf,'\-x.');
     %
     % Example 2:
     %   colormap(cool(6));
     %   pie(rand(6,1));
     %   legend('Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','Jun');
     %   applyhatch(gcf,'|-+.\/',cool(6));
     %
     % See also: MAKEHATCH
     % By Ben Hinkle, 
     % This code is in the public domain. 
     
     oldppmode= get(h,'paperpositionmode');
     oldunits= get(h,'units');
     set(h,'paperpositionmode','auto');
     set(h,'units','pixels');
     figsize= get(h,'position');
     if nargin == 2
     colorlist = [];
     end
     bits= hardcopy(h,'-dzbuffer','-r0');
     set(h,'paperpositionmode',oldppmode);
     bwidth= size(bits,2);
     bheight= size(bits,1);
     bsize= bwidth * bheight;
     if~isempty(colorlist)
         colorlist = uint8(255*colorlist);
         [colors,colori] = nextnonbw(0,colorlist,bits);
     else
         colors = (bits(:,:,1) ~= bits(:,:,2)) | ...
             (bits(:,:,1) ~= bits(:,:,3));
     end
     pati= 1;
     colorind= find(colors);
     while~isempty(colorind)
         colorval(1) = bits(colorind(1));
         colorval(2) = bits(colorind(1)+bsize);
         colorval(3) = bits(colorind(1)+2*bsize);
         if iscell(patterns)
             pattern = patterns{pati};
         elseif isa(patterns,'char')
             pattern = makehatch(patterns(pati));
         else
             pattern = patterns;
         end
         pattern = uint8(255*(1-pattern));
         pheight = size(pattern,2);
         pwidth = size(pattern,1);
         ratioh = ceil(bheight/pheight);
         ratiow = ceil(bwidth/pwidth);
         bigpattern = repmat(pattern,[ratioh ratiow]);
         if ratioh*pheight > bheight
             bigpattern(bheight+1:end,:) = [];
         end
         if ratiow*pwidth > bwidth
             bigpattern(:,bwidth+1:end) = [];
         end
         bigpattern = repmat(bigpattern,[1 1 3]);
         color = (bits(:,:,1) == colorval(1)) & ...
             (bits(:,:,2) == colorval(2)) & ...
             (bits(:,:,3) == colorval(3));
         color = repmat(color,[1 1 3]);
         bits(color) = bigpattern(color);
         if ~isempty(colorlist)
             [colors,colori] = nextnonbw(colori,colorlist,bits);
         else
             colors = (bits(:,:,1) ~= bits(:,:,2)) | ...
                 (bits(:,:,1) ~= bits(:,:,3));
         end
         colorind = find(colors);
         pati = (pati + 1);
         if pati > length(patterns)
             pati = 1;
         end
     end
     newfig= figure('units','pixels','visible','off');
     imaxes= axes('parent',newfig,'units','pixels');
     im= image(bits,'parent',imaxes);
     fpos= get(newfig,'position');
     set(newfig,'position',[fpos(1:2) figsize(3) figsize(4)+1]);
     set(imaxes,'position',[0 0 figsize(3) figsize(4)+1],'visible','off');
     set(newfig,'visible','on');
     
     
     function [colors,out] = nextnonbw(ind,colorlist,bits)
     out = ind+1;
     colors = [];
     while out <= size(colorlist,1)
       if isequal(colorlist(out,:),[255 255 255]) | ...
             isequal(colorlist(out,:),[0 0 0])
         out = out+1;
       else
         colors = (colorlist(out,1) == bits(:,:,1)) & ...
                  (colorlist(out,2) == bits(:,:,2)) & ...
                  (colorlist(out,3) == bits(:,:,3));
         return
       end
     end
     
     % 而applyhatch函数需要调用下面的函数
     
     function A = makehatch(hatch)
     %MAKEHATCH Predefined hatch patterns
     %  MAKEHATCH(HATCH) returns a matrix with the hatch pattern for HATCH
     %   according to the following table:
     %      HATCH        pattern
     %     -------      ---------
     %        /          right-slanted lines
     %        \          left-slanted lines
     %        |          vertical lines
     %        -          horizontal lines
     %        +          crossing vertical and horizontal lines
     %        x          criss-crossing lines
     %        .          single dots
     %
     %  See also: APPLYHATCH
     
     %  By Ben Hinkle,
     %  This code is in the public domain.
     
     n = 6;
     A=zeros(n);
     switch (hatch)
     case '/'
       A = fliplr(eye(n));
     case '\'
       A = eye(n);
     case '|'
       A(:,1) = 1;
     case '-'
       A(1,:) = 1;
     case '+'
       A(:,1) = 1;
       A(1,:) = 1;
     case 'x'
       A = eye(n) | fliplr(diag(ones(n-1,1),-1));
     case '.'
       A(1:2,1:2)=1;
     otherwise
       error(['Undefined hatch pattern "' hatch '".']);
     end
     
     

   • 第二部在需要的地方调用函数

     %为柱状图进行形状填充，\.x- 为填充类型，可继续往后添加，详见 applyhatch.m 源码
     applyhatch(gcf,'\.x-');
     

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