1、概述
我们一般是在k8s里面部署一些简单的应用,比如用deployment,daemonset,statefuleset的方式来部署应用,但是如果要部署一些复杂的应用,那么整个配置的编写、部署的过程就会变的更加的复杂,那么helm这个工具就可以来帮助解决这个复杂应用的部署问题。
helm可以类比与linux环境下yum部署应用的方式,只需要执行几条命令,就可以将应用需要的配置、依赖都部署到环境中。同样,helm也是通过几条简单的命令,将某个应用需要的配置、依赖都部署到了k8s集群上。
本文档就通过helm的安装和使用的角度来介绍下helm这个k8s的应用包管理工具。
2、helm中基本概念
在helm这个工具的使用中,主要有3个基本的概念需要了解:
Chart: chart就是helm中的包。类似yum安装中使用的rpm包。chart安装到k8s之后就是一个应用,那么chart中就包含了所有需要的资源的定义。
Repository: chart存放的位置。类似yum源的概念。
Release: chart在k8s集群中运行起来之后形成的实例。就类似与部署一个deployment要给一个名字一样。一个chart可以在同一个集群中被安装很多次,每一次的安装,都会创建一个新的release。就和拿一个redis的安装包可以安装很多次一样的。每次安装都有一个实例对应有自己的端口号,配置一样的。
那么针对以上的概念的说明,针对helm可以有如下的表述:
helm在chart仓库中获得chart,然后将chart安装到k8s集群中,每次安装都创建一个release.
3、helm的安装
可以通过预编译的二进制文件来安装helm的客户端命令,具体的版本可以到helm的github上去下载:
本文档使用的版本:
https://get.helm.sh/helm-v3.7.2-linux-amd64.tar.gz
注意:安装在包含kubeconfig的主机上,这样helm就可以操作k8s集群来部署对应的应用,helm默认去"~/.kube/config"目录下获取kubeconfig来连接k8s集群。
安装过程
(1)先上传helm的压缩包到服务器
(2)解压并且复制helm命令
tar -zxf helm-v3.7.2-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
&& cd linux-amd64 \
cp helm /usr/local/bin/
(3)验证helm命令
输入helm命令,如果输出如下,则表示helm安装成功
[root@nccztsjb-node-11 linux-amd64]# helm
The Kubernetes package manager
Common actions for Helm:
- helm search: search for charts
- helm pull: download a chart to your local directory to view
- helm install: upload the chart to Kubernetes
- helm list: list releases of charts
Environment variables:
| Name | Description |
|------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| $HELM_CACHE_HOME | set an alternative location for storing cached files. |
| $HELM_CONFIG_HOME | set an alternative location for storing Helm configuration. |
| $HELM_DATA_HOME | set an alternative location for storing Helm data. |
| $HELM_DEBUG | indicate whether or not Helm is running in Debug mode |
| $HELM_DRIVER | set the backend storage driver. Values are: configmap, secret, memory, sql. |
| $HELM_DRIVER_SQL_CONNECTION_STRING | set the connection string the SQL storage driver should use. |
| $HELM_MAX_HISTORY | set the maximum number of helm release history. |
| $HELM_NAMESPACE | set the namespace used for the helm operations. |
| $HELM_NO_PLUGINS | disable plugins. Set HELM_NO_PLUGINS=1 to disable plugins. |
| $HELM_PLUGINS | set the path to the plugins directory |
| $HELM_REGISTRY_CONFIG | set the path to the registry config file. |
| $HELM_REPOSITORY_CACHE | set the path to the repository cache directory |
| $HELM_REPOSITORY_CONFIG | set the path to the repositories file. |
| $KUBECONFIG | set an alternative Kubernetes configuration file (default "~/.kube/config") |
| $HELM_KUBEAPISERVER | set the Kubernetes API Server Endpoint for authentication |
| $HELM_KUBECAFILE | set the Kubernetes certificate authority file. |
| $HELM_KUBEASGROUPS | set the Groups to use for impersonation using a comma-separated list. |
| $HELM_KUBEASUSER | set the Username to impersonate for the operation. |
| $HELM_KUBECONTEXT | set the name of the kubeconfig context. |
| $HELM_KUBETOKEN | set the Bearer KubeToken used for authentication. |
Helm stores cache, configuration, and data based on the following configuration order:
- If a HELM_*_HOME environment variable is set, it will be used
- Otherwise, on systems supporting the XDG base directory specification, the XDG variables will be used
- When no other location is set a default location will be used based on the operating system
By default, the default directories depend on the Operating System. The defaults are listed below:
| Operating System | Cache Path | Configuration Path | Data Path |
|------------------|---------------------------|--------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Linux | $HOME/.cache/helm | $HOME/.config/helm | $HOME/.local/share/helm |
| macOS | $HOME/Library/Caches/helm | $HOME/Library/Preferences/helm | $HOME/Library/helm |
| Windows | %TEMP%\helm | %APPDATA%\helm | %APPDATA%\helm |
Usage:
helm [command]
Available Commands:
completion generate autocompletion scripts for the specified shell
create create a new chart with the given name
dependency manage a chart's dependencies
env helm client environment information
get download extended information of a