Linux分区、格式化、加载磁盘

                                                                      第一部分：查看磁盘信息

查看硬盘信息：fdisk -l

磁盘1：/dev/sda

磁盘2：/dev/sdb

磁盘1为系统盘，磁盘2为新增的硬盘，磁盘2为新盘，没分区。先将磁盘2分区。

查看磁盘信息的另一命令是：df

例如： df -h

查看硬盘格式：df -T

用man df 查看更多的参数

第二部分：分区

[root@minimal621 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): m      #查看menu，给出操作信息
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition        #删除分区
   l   list known partition types    #显示已知的分区
   m   print this menu               #显示此menu菜单
   n   add a new partition         #增加一个分区
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table            #显示分区盘符，即显示分区信息
   q   quit without saving changes     #退出并不保存
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id     #修改分区的ID号
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit           #退出并保存
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x82e698b5

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

#由此处信息可知，磁盘2没有任何分区

#下面新增一个分区：

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-5221, default 1):         #此处直接按回车即可，默认是从1开始
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-5221, default 5221): 1024    #此处随便填写，主要是涉及分区的大小

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x82e698b5

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        1024     8225248+  83  Linux

#再次显示分区信息，此时可以看到刚刚分的ID为1的区：/dev/sdb1

#增加其他分区和上面的操作是一样的

#分区结果如下：

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x82e698b5

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        1024     8225248+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2            1025        2048     8225280   83  Linux
/dev/sdb3            2049        5221    25487122+  83  Linux

#最后按w保存退出

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

第三部分：格式化分区

#下面格式化分区：

#linux的磁盘格式有ext2 ext3 ext4，我选用的是ext4，ext2、ext3的格式化是一样的

[root@minimal621 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
514080 inodes, 2056312 blocks
102815 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2109734912
63 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8160 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632

Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@minimal621 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
514080 inodes, 2056320 blocks
102816 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2109734912
63 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8160 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632

Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@minimal621 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb3
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1594320 inodes, 6371780 blocks
318589 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
195 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8176 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
        4096000

Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 28 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@minimal621 ~]# 

#运行fdisk -l 查看刚分好的磁盘：

[root@minimal621 ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 85.9 GB, 85899345920 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000dfcad

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          13      102400   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              13       10444    83782656   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/sdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x82e698b5

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        1024     8225248+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2            1025        2048     8225280   83  Linux
/dev/sdb3            2049        5221    25487122+  83  Linux

第四部分：加载分区

#分好以后，还无法直接使用，需要加载才能使用。后面会说到加载lvm分区。

#先建立分区加载位置，也就是文件夹
[root@minimal621 mnt]# ls  
[root@minimal621 mnt]# cd /
[root@minimal621 /]# ls                                #准备建立一个sdb1文件夹用来加载/dev/sdb1分区，查看根目录下已有的文件夹
bin   cgroup  etc   lib    lost+found  mnt  oracle  root  selinux  sys  usr
boot  dev     home  lib64  media       opt  proc    sbin  srv      tmp  var
[root@minimal621 /]# mkdir /sdb1                #在根目录下建立sdb1文件夹
[root@minimal621 /]# ls                               #查看 sdb1文件夹建立成功
bin     dev   lib         media  oracle  sbin     srv  usr
boot    etc   lib64       mnt    proc    sdb1     sys  var
cgroup  home  lost+found  opt    root    selinux  tmp
[root@minimal621 /]# ls /sdb1                    #查看/sdb1文件夹下面是否有文件存在
[root@minimal621 /]# mount /dev/sdb1 /sdb1           #加载分区/dev/sdb1到/sdb1下
[root@minimal621 /]# ls /sdb1                                   #加载成功后查看/sdb1下有什么变化，多了一个lost+found文件夹，类似于微软的recycle
lost+found
[root@minimal621 /]# cd /sdb1
[root@minimal621 sdb1]# mkdir test                        #在分区/sdb1建立一个test文件夹
[root@minimal621 sdb1]# ll
total 20
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jan 10 00:32 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  4096 Jan 10 00:46 test
[root@minimal621 sdb1]# pwd                                 #查看当前所在位置
/sdb1
[root@minimal621 sdb1]# touch test/test.txt            #在test文件夹下建立一个test文本
[root@minimal621 sdb1]# ls
lost+found  test
[root@minimal621 test]# cd                                   #退出，即让/dev/sdb1不处于打开状态，否则无法umount
[root@minimal621 ~]# umount /dev/sdb1              #卸载/dev/sdb1
[root@minimal621 ~]# cd /sdb1
[root@minimal621 sdb1]# ls
[root@minimal621 sdb1]#

#上面是手动加载磁盘，但每次开机都要这样操作的话，会灰常蛋疼。或许有人会想到写个shell脚本，然后crontab -e 运行，这种人真是太有才。^_^

#我们可以通过修改 /etc/fstab 来让系统每次开机都加载/dev/sdb的分区：

#先看看fstab已有内容：

[root@chinesefonts ~]# find /etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
[root@chinesefonts ~]# cat /etc/fstab

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Sep 20 18:52:32 2012
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/vg_chinesefonts-lv_root /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=40e54c98-37c6-4154-b142-a65cbfb40277 /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/vg_chinesefonts-lv_home /home                   ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/vg_chinesefonts-lv_swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0

#编辑/etc/fstab

[root@chinesefonts ~]# vi /etc/fstab

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Sep 20 18:52:32 2012
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/vg_chinesefonts-lv_root /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=40e54c98-37c6-4154-b142-a65cbfb40277 /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/vg_chinesefonts-lv_home /home                   ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/vg_chinesefonts-lv_swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
/dev/sdb1               /sdb1                   ext4    defaults        0 0
/dev/sdb2               /mnt/sdb2               ext4    defaults        0 0
/dev/sdb3               /mnt/sdb3               ext4    defaults        0 0

#红色字体是自己添加上去的，这样每次开机都会自动加载/dev/sdb磁盘了

#那如何加载LVM的分区呢，我是这样做的，先查看lvm的分区table，再用table挂载上去的。

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdc1   *           1          13      102400   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdc2              13        2611    20868096   8e  Linux LVM

#用 fdisk -l 查看磁盘，然后看磁盘信息，找到类似/dev/mapper/vg_centosminimal-LogVol01 的，再用mount加载即可

mkdir /mnt/lvm/01

mount /dev/mapper/vg_centosminimal-LogVol01 /mnt/lvm/01

#其中/dev/mapper/vg_centosminimal-LogVol01 是lvm的一个分区