ConcurrentHashMap源码阅读

翻译：

静态内部类 Holder：

    /**
     * holds values which can't be initialized until after VM is booted.
     * 持有值
     */
    private static class Holder {

        /**
        * Enable alternative hashing of String keys?
        *
        * <p>Unlike the other hash map implementations we do not implement a
        * threshold（阈值/临界值） for regulating whether alternative hashing is used for
        * String keys. Alternative hashing is either enabled for all instances
        * or disabled for all instances.
        */
        static final boolean ALTERNATIVE_HASHING;

        static {
            // Use the "threshold" system property even though our threshold
            // behaviour is "ON" or "OFF".
            String altThreshold = java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
                new sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction(
                    "jdk.map.althashing.threshold"));

            int threshold;
            try {
                threshold = (null != altThreshold)
                        ? Integer.parseInt(altThreshold)
                        : Integer.MAX_VALUE;

                // disable alternative hashing if -1
                if (threshold == -1) {
                    threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                }

                if (threshold < 0) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("value must be positive integer.");
                }
            } catch(IllegalArgumentException failed) {
                throw new Error("Illegal value for 'jdk.map.althashing.threshold'", failed);
            }
            ALTERNATIVE_HASHING = threshold <= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        }
    }

Segment类：

    /**
     * Segments are specialized versions of hash tables.  This
     * subclasses from ReentrantLock opportunistically, just to
     * simplify some locking and avoid separate construction.
     */
    static final class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable {
        /*
         * Segments maintain a table of entry lists that are always
         * kept in a consistent state, so can be read (via volatile
         * reads of segments and tables) without locking.  This
         * requires replicating nodes when necessary during table
         * resizing, so the old lists can be traversed by readers
         * still using old version of table.
         *
         * This class defines only mutative methods requiring locking.
         * Except as noted, the methods of this class perform the
         * per-segment versions of ConcurrentHashMap methods.  (Other
         * methods are integrated directly into ConcurrentHashMap
         * methods.) These mutative methods use a form of controlled
         * spinning on contention via methods scanAndLock and
         * scanAndLockForPut. These intersperse tryLocks with
         * traversals to locate nodes.  The main benefit is to absorb
         * cache misses (which are very common for hash tables) while
         * obtaining locks so that traversal is faster once
         * acquired. We do not actually use the found nodes since they
         * must be re-acquired under lock anyway to ensure sequential
         * consistency of updates (and in any case may be undetectably
         * stale), but they will normally be much faster to re-locate.
         * Also, scanAndLockForPut speculatively creates a fresh node
         * to use in put if no node is found.
         */

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2249069246763182397L;

        /**
         * The maximum number of times to tryLock in a prescan before
         * possibly blocking on acquire in preparation for a locked
         * segment operation. On multiprocessors, using a bounded
         * number of retries maintains cache acquired while locating
         * nodes.
         */
        static final int MAX_SCAN_RETRIES =
            Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() > 1 ? 64 : 1;

        /**
         * The per-segment table. Elements are accessed via
         * entryAt/setEntryAt providing volatile semantics.
         */
        transient volatile HashEntry<K,V>[] table;

        /**
         * The number of elements. Accessed only either within locks
         * or among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
         */
        transient int count;

        /**
         * The total number of mutative operations in this segment.
         * Even though this may overflows 32 bits, it provides
         * sufficient accuracy for stability checks in CHM isEmpty()
         * and size() methods.  Accessed only either within locks or
         * among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
         */
        transient int modCount;

        /**
         * The table is rehashed when its size exceeds this threshold.
         * (The value of this field is always <tt>(int)(capacity *
         * loadFactor)</tt>.)
         */
        transient int threshold;

        /**
         * The load factor for the hash table.  Even though this value
         * is same for all segments, it is replicated to avoid needing
         * links to outer object.
         * @serial
         */
        final float loadFactor;

        Segment(float lf, int threshold, HashEntry<K,V>[] tab) {
            this.loadFactor = lf;
            this.threshold = threshold;
            this.table = tab;
        }

        final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
            HashEntry<K,V> node = tryLock() ? null :
                scanAndLockForPut(key, hash, value);
            V oldValue;
            try {
                HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
                int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
                HashEntry<K,V> first = entryAt(tab, index);
                for (HashEntry<K,V> e = first;;) {
                    if (e != null) {
                        K k;
                        if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                            (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                            oldValue = e.value;
                            if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
                                e.value = value;
                                ++modCount;
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                        e = e.next;
                    }
                    else {
                        if (node != null)
                            node.setNext(first);
                        else
                            node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, first);
                        int c = count + 1;
                        if (c > threshold && tab.length < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
                            rehash(node);
                        else
                            setEntryAt(tab, index, node);
                        ++modCount;
                        count = c;
                        oldValue = null;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                unlock();
            }
            return oldValue;
        }

        /**
         * Doubles size of table and repacks entries, also adding the
         * given node to new table
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        private void rehash(HashEntry<K,V> node) {
            /*
             * Reclassify nodes in each list to new table.  Because we
             * are using power-of-two expansion, the elements from
             * each bin must either stay at same index, or move with a
             * power of two offset. We eliminate unnecessary node
             * creation by catching cases where old nodes can be
             * reused because their next fields won't change.
             * Statistically, at the default threshold, only about
             * one-sixth of them need cloning when a table
             * doubles. The nodes they replace will be garbage
             * collectable as soon as they are no longer referenced by
             * any reader thread that may be in the midst of
             * concurrently traversing table. Entry accesses use plain
             * array indexing because they are followed by volatile
             * table write.
             */
            HashEntry<K,V>[] oldTable = table;
            int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
            int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;
            threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
            HashEntry<K,V>[] newTable =
                (HashEntry<K,V>[]) new HashEntry[newCapacity];
            int sizeMask = newCapacity - 1;
            for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity ; i++) {
                HashEntry<K,V> e = oldTable[i];
                if (e != null) {
                    HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
                    int idx = e.hash & sizeMask;
                    if (next == null)   //  Single node on list
                        newTable[idx] = e;
                    else { // Reuse consecutive sequence at same slot
                        HashEntry<K,V> lastRun = e;
                        int lastIdx = idx;
                        for (HashEntry<K,V> last = next;
                             last != null;
                             last = last.next) {
                            int k = last.hash & sizeMask;
                            if (k != lastIdx) {
                                lastIdx = k;
                                lastRun = last;
                            }
                        }
                        newTable[lastIdx] = lastRun;
                        // Clone remaining nodes
                        for (HashEntry<K,V> p = e; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
                            V v = p.value;
                            int h = p.hash;
                            int k = h & sizeMask;
                            HashEntry<K,V> n = newTable[k];
                            newTable[k] = new HashEntry<K,V>(h, p.key, v, n);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            int nodeIndex = node.hash & sizeMask; // add the new node
            node.setNext(newTable[nodeIndex]);
            newTable[nodeIndex] = node;
            table = newTable;
        }

        /**
         * Scans for a node containing given key while trying to
         * acquire lock, creating and returning one if not found. Upon
         * return, guarantees that lock is held. UNlike in most
         * methods, calls to method equals are not screened: Since
         * traversal speed doesn't matter, we might as well help warm
         * up the associated code and accesses as well.
         *
         * @return a new node if key not found, else null
         */
        private HashEntry<K,V> scanAndLockForPut(K key, int hash, V value) {
            HashEntry<K,V> first = entryForHash(this, hash);
            HashEntry<K,V> e = first;
            HashEntry<K,V> node = null;
            int retries = -1; // negative while locating node
            while (!tryLock()) {
                HashEntry<K,V> f; // to recheck first below
                if (retries < 0) {
                    if (e == null) {
                        if (node == null) // speculatively create node
                            node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, null);
                        retries = 0;
                    }
                    else if (key.equals(e.key))
                        retries = 0;
                    else
                        e = e.next;
                }
                else if (++retries > MAX_SCAN_RETRIES) {
                    lock();
                    break;
                }
                else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
                         (f = entryForHash(this, hash)) != first) {
                    e = first = f; // re-traverse if entry changed
                    retries = -1;
                }
            }
            return node;
        }

        /**
         * Scans for a node containing the given key while trying to
         * acquire lock for a remove or replace operation. Upon
         * return, guarantees that lock is held.  Note that we must
         * lock even if the key is not found, to ensure sequential
         * consistency of updates.
         */
        private void scanAndLock(Object key, int hash) {
            // similar to but simpler than scanAndLockForPut
            HashEntry<K,V> first = entryForHash(this, hash);
            HashEntry<K,V> e = first;
            int retries = -1;
            while (!tryLock()) {
                HashEntry<K,V> f;
                if (retries < 0) {
                    if (e == null || key.equals(e.key))
                        retries = 0;
                    else
                        e = e.next;
                }
                else if (++retries > MAX_SCAN_RETRIES) {
                    lock();
                    break;
                }
                else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
                         (f = entryForHash(this, hash)) != first) {
                    e = first = f;
                    retries = -1;
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Remove; match on key only if value null, else match both.
         */
        final V remove(Object key, int hash, Object value) {
            if (!tryLock())
                scanAndLock(key, hash);
            V oldValue = null;
            try {
                HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
                int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
                HashEntry<K,V> e = entryAt(tab, index);
                HashEntry<K,V> pred = null;
                while (e != null) {
                    K k;
                    HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
                    if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                        (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                        V v = e.value;
                        if (value == null || value == v || value.equals(v)) {
                            if (pred == null)
                                setEntryAt(tab, index, next);
                            else
                                pred.setNext(next);
                            ++modCount;
                            --count;
                            oldValue = v;
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                    pred = e;
                    e = next;
                }
            } finally {
                unlock();
            }
            return oldValue;
        }

        final boolean replace(K key, int hash, V oldValue, V newValue) {
            if (!tryLock())
                scanAndLock(key, hash);
            boolean replaced = false;
            try {
                HashEntry<K,V> e;
                for (e = entryForHash(this, hash); e != null; e = e.next) {
                    K k;
                    if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                        (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                        if (oldValue.equals(e.value)) {
                            e.value = newValue;
                            ++modCount;
                            replaced = true;
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                unlock();
            }
            return replaced;
        }

        final V replace(K key, int hash, V value) {
            if (!tryLock())
                scanAndLock(key, hash);
            V oldValue = null;
            try {
                HashEntry<K,V> e;
                for (e = entryForHash(this, hash); e != null; e = e.next) {
                    K k;
                    if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                        (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                        oldValue = e.value;
                        e.value = value;
                        ++modCount;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                unlock();
            }
            return oldValue;
        }

        final void clear() {
            lock();
            try {
                HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
                for (int i = 0; i < tab.length ; i++)
                    setEntryAt(tab, i, null);
                ++modCount;
                count = 0;
            } finally {
                unlock();
            }
        }
    }

构造方法：

 /* ---------------- Public operations -------------- */

    /**
     * Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial
     * capacity, load factor and concurrency level.
     *
     * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation
     * performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.
     * @param loadFactor  the load factor threshold, used to control resizing.
     * Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per
     * bin exceeds this threshold.
     * @param concurrencyLevel the estimated number of concurrently
     * updating threads. The implementation performs internal sizing
     * to try to accommodate this many threads.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is
     * negative or the load factor or concurrencyLevel are
     * nonpositive.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity,
                             float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
        if (!(loadFactor > 0) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        if (concurrencyLevel > MAX_SEGMENTS)
            concurrencyLevel = MAX_SEGMENTS;
        // Find power-of-two sizes best matching arguments
        int sshift = 0; //记录向左移了多少位
        int ssize = 1; // 初始化是1，保证都是2的幂次方
        while (ssize < concurrencyLevel) {
            ++sshift;
            ssize <<= 1;
        }//最终结果是ssize是不大于并发度的最大的2的幂次方的数值

        this.segmentShift = 32 - sshift;
        this.segmentMask = ssize - 1;
        if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
            initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        int c = initialCapacity / ssize;
        if (c * ssize < initialCapacity)
            ++c;
        int cap = MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY;
        while (cap < c)
            cap <<= 1;
        // create segments and segments[0]
        Segment<K,V> s0 =
            new Segment<K,V>(loadFactor, (int)(cap * loadFactor),
                             (HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap]);
        Segment<K,V>[] ss = (Segment<K,V>[])new Segment[ssize];
        UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(ss, SBASE, s0); // ordered write of segments[0]
        this.segments = ss;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity
     * and load factor and with the default concurrencyLevel (16).
     *
     * @param initialCapacity The implementation performs internal
     * sizing to accommodate this many elements.
     * @param loadFactor  the load factor threshold, used to control resizing.
     * Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per
     * bin exceeds this threshold.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of
     * elements is negative or the load factor is nonpositive
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        this(initialCapacity, loadFactor, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity,
     * and with default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
     *
     * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation
     * performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of
     * elements is negative.
     */
    public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity) {
        this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new, empty map with a default initial capacity (16),
     * load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
     */
    public ConcurrentHashMap() {
        this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new map with the same mappings as the given map.
     * The map is created with a capacity of 1.5 times the number
     * of mappings in the given map or 16 (whichever is greater),
     * and a default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
     *
     * @param m the map
     */
    public ConcurrentHashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1,
                      DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY),
             DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
        putAll(m);
    }