通过设备指针调用其他驱动程序(异步方式)

本文探讨了驱动程序A和驱动程序B之间的交互过程,包括如何创建设备、卸载驱动、控制请求处理以及实现并发读取操作。通过实例代码展示了如何在驱动程序中响应不同类型的I/O请求,并在驱动程序间进行高效的数据交换。
摘要由CSDN通过智能技术生成

EXE部分

#include <stdio.h>
#include <Windows.h>
#include <WinIoCtl.h>
#include "Ioctl.h"



int main (void)
{
	char linkname[]="\\\\.\\HelloDDKB";
	HANDLE hDevice = CreateFileA(linkname,
		GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
		0,
		NULL,
		OPEN_EXISTING,
		FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
		NULL);
	if (hDevice == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
	{
		printf("Win32 error code: %d\n",GetLastError());
		return 1;
	}
	
	DWORD dwRead;

	//如果读IRP没有被完成,ReadFile一直都不会退出
	ReadFile(hDevice,NULL,NULL,&dwRead,NULL);
	printf("Readfile返回%d\n",GetLastError());


	CloseHandle(hDevice);
	getchar();
	getchar();
	return 0;
}


 

 

SYS部分(驱动B调用驱动A)

驱动A部分代码

 

#pragma once
#include <ntddk.h>
#define CountArray(Array)  (	sizeof(Array)	/	sizeof(Array[0])	)

typedef struct _DEVICE_EXTENSION
{
	PDEVICE_OBJECT		pDevice;										//设备对象
	UNICODE_STRING	ustrDeviceName;						//设备名称
	UNICODE_STRING	ustrSymLinkName;					//符号名称

	KDPC							pollingDPC;								//存储DPC对象
	KTIMER						pollingTimer;							//存储计时器对象
	PIRP							currentPendingIRP;					//记录当前挂起的IRP
}DEVICE_EXTENSION,*PDEVICE_EXTENSION;


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" NTSTATUS DriverEntry(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, IN PUNICODE_STRING  RegistryPath);
#endif

void HelloUnload(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject);														//卸载函数
NTSTATUS CreateDevice(PDRIVER_OBJECT PDevObj);													//创建设备
NTSTATUS HelloDDKDispatchRoutine(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp);	//派遣函数
NTSTATUS HelloDDKControl(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp);					//IRP_MJ_DIRECTORY_CONTROL
NTSTATUS HelloDDKRead(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp);
NTSTATUS HelloDDKCreate(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp);
NTSTATUS HelloDDKClose(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp);


 

#include "hello.h"
#include "Ioctl.h"



NTSTATUS DriverEntry(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, IN PUNICODE_STRING  RegistryPath)
{
		DbgPrint("Hello from!\n");
		DriverObject->DriverUnload = HelloUnload;
		for (int i=0;i<IRP_MJ_MAXIMUM_FUNCTION;i++)
		{
			DriverObject->MajorFunction[i]=HelloDDKDispatchRoutine;
		}
		DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_READ]=HelloDDKRead;
		DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CREATE]=HelloDDKCreate;
		DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CLOSE]=HelloDDKClose;



#if DBG
		_asm int 3
#endif
		//创建设备
		CreateDevice(DriverObject);
		return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

//卸载函数
void HelloUnload(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject)
{
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif
		DbgPrint("Goodbye from!\n");
		PDEVICE_OBJECT pNextObj=NULL;
		pNextObj=DriverObject->DeviceObject;

		while (pNextObj)
		{
			PDEVICE_EXTENSION pDevExt=(PDEVICE_EXTENSION)pNextObj->DeviceExtension;
			//删除符号连接
			IoDeleteSymbolicLink(&pDevExt->ustrSymLinkName);

			//删除设备
			IoDeleteDevice(pDevExt->pDevice);
			pNextObj=pNextObj->NextDevice;
		}
		KdPrint(("DriverA:Leave A DriverUnload\n"));
}

NTSTATUS HelloDDKControl(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp)
{
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif

	NTSTATUS status=STATUS_SUCCESS;
	//获取当前堆栈
	PIO_STACK_LOCATION stack=IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(pIrp);
	//获取输入参数大小
	ULONG cbin=stack->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength;
	//获取输出参数大小
	ULONG cbout=stack->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.OutputBufferLength;
	//得到IOCTL控制码
	ULONG code=stack->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.IoControlCode;
	//获取设备扩展
	PDEVICE_EXTENSION pDevExt=(PDEVICE_EXTENSION)pDevObj->DeviceExtension;

	//从用户模式传进来的微秒数
	ULONG ulMircoSeconds=*(PULONG)pIrp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer;

	switch (code)
	{
	case IOCTL_WAIT_METHOD1:	
		{

		}
		break;
	default:
		status=STATUS_INVALID_VARIANT;
	}

	//设置IRP的完成状态
	pIrp->IoStatus.Status=status;
	pIrp->IoStatus.Information=0;
	IoCompleteRequest(pIrp,IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return status;
}

VOID OnTimerDpc(IN PKDPC pDpc,IN PVOID pContext,IN PVOID SysArg1,IN PVOID SysArg2)
{
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif

	PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj=(PDEVICE_OBJECT)pContext;
	PDEVICE_EXTENSION pdx=(PDEVICE_EXTENSION)pDevObj->DeviceExtension;

	PIRP currentPendingIRP=pdx->currentPendingIRP;
	DbgPrint("DriverA:complete the Driver A IRP_MJ_READ irp\n");

	//设置完成状态为STATUS_SUCCESS
	currentPendingIRP->IoStatus.Status=STATUS_SUCCESS;		//完成
	currentPendingIRP->IoStatus.Information=0;
	IoCompleteRequest(currentPendingIRP,IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return;
}


NTSTATUS HelloDDKRead(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp)
{
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif

	PDEVICE_EXTENSION pDevExt=(PDEVICE_EXTENSION)pDevObj->DeviceExtension;

	//将IRP设置为挂起
	IoMarkIrpPending(pIrp);

	//将挂起的IRP记录下来
	pDevExt->currentPendingIRP=pIrp;

	//定义5秒的超时
	ULONG ulMicroSecond=5000000;

	//将32位整数转化成64位整数
	LARGE_INTEGER timeout=RtlConvertLongToLargeInteger(-10*ulMicroSecond);

	KeSetTimer(&pDevExt->pollingTimer,timeout,&pDevExt->pollingDPC);

	DbgPrint("DriverA:Leave A HelloDDKRead\n");

	return STATUS_PENDING;	//挂起
}

NTSTATUS HelloDDKCreate(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp)
{
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif

	DbgPrint("DriverA:Enter A HelloDDKCreate\n");

	//完成IRP
	pIrp->IoStatus.Status=STATUS_SUCCESS;
	pIrp->IoStatus.Information=0;
	IoCompleteRequest(pIrp,IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

NTSTATUS HelloDDKClose(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp)
{
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif

	DbgPrint("DriverA:Enter A HelloDDKClose\n");

	//完成IRP
	pIrp->IoStatus.Status=STATUS_SUCCESS;
	pIrp->IoStatus.Information=0;
	IoCompleteRequest(pIrp,IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}


//创建设备
NTSTATUS CreateDevice(PDRIVER_OBJECT pDriver_Object)
{

	//定义变量
	NTSTATUS status=STATUS_SUCCESS;
	PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj=NULL;
	PDEVICE_EXTENSION pDevExt=NULL;

	//初始化字符串
	UNICODE_STRING devname;
	UNICODE_STRING symLinkName;
	RtlInitUnicodeString(&devname,L"\\device\\MyDDKDeviceA");
	RtlInitUnicodeString(&symLinkName,L"\\??\\HelloDDKA");

	//创建设备
	status =IoCreateDevice(pDriver_Object,sizeof(DEVICE_EXTENSION),&devname,FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN,NULL,TRUE,&pDevObj);

	if (!NT_SUCCESS(status))
	{
		DbgPrint("创建设备失败\n");
		return status;
	}

	pDevObj->Flags |= DO_BUFFERED_IO;;
	pDevExt=(PDEVICE_EXTENSION)pDevObj->DeviceExtension;
	pDevExt->pDevice=pDevObj;
	pDevExt->ustrDeviceName=devname;
	pDevExt->ustrSymLinkName=symLinkName;

	KeInitializeTimer(&pDevExt->pollingTimer);
	KeInitializeDpc(&pDevExt->pollingDPC,OnTimerDpc,(PVOID)pDevObj);

	//创建符号连接
	status =IoCreateSymbolicLink(&symLinkName,&devname) ;

	if (!NT_SUCCESS(status)) 
	{
		DbgPrint("创建符号连接失败\n");
		IoDeleteDevice(pDevObj);
		return status;
	}

	return STATUS_SUCCESS;
	
}

//派遣函数
NTSTATUS HelloDDKDispatchRoutine(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrP)
{
//#if DBG
//	_asm int 3
//#endif

	PIO_STACK_LOCATION stack = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(pIrP);
	//建立一个字符串数组与IRP类型对应起来
	static char* irpname[] = 
	{
		"IRP_MJ_CREATE",
		"IRP_MJ_CREATE_NAMED_PIPE",
		"IRP_MJ_CLOSE",
		"IRP_MJ_READ",
		"IRP_MJ_WRITE",
		"IRP_MJ_QUERY_INFORMATION",
		"IRP_MJ_SET_INFORMATION",
		"IRP_MJ_QUERY_EA",
		"IRP_MJ_SET_EA",
		"IRP_MJ_FLUSH_BUFFERS",
		"IRP_MJ_QUERY_VOLUME_INFORMATION",
		"IRP_MJ_SET_VOLUME_INFORMATION",
		"IRP_MJ_DIRECTORY_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_FILE_SYSTEM_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_INTERNAL_DEVICE_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_SHUTDOWN",
		"IRP_MJ_LOCK_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_CLEANUP",
		"IRP_MJ_CREATE_MAILSLOT",
		"IRP_MJ_QUERY_SECURITY",
		"IRP_MJ_SET_SECURITY",
		"IRP_MJ_POWER",
		"IRP_MJ_SYSTEM_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CHANGE",
		"IRP_MJ_QUERY_QUOTA",
		"IRP_MJ_SET_QUOTA",
		"IRP_MJ_PNP",
	};

	UCHAR type = stack->MajorFunction;

	if (type >= CountArray(irpname))
		KdPrint(("无效的IRP类型 %X\n", type));
	else
		KdPrint(("%s\n", irpname[type]));




	pIrP->IoStatus.Status=STATUS_SUCCESS;					//设置完成状态
	pIrP->IoStatus.Information=0;										//设置操作字节为0
	IoCompleteRequest(pIrP,IO_NO_INCREMENT);			//结束IRP派遣函数,第二个参数表示不增加优先级
	return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}



 

 

 

驱动B部分代码

#pragma once
#include <ntddk.h>
#define CountArray(Array)  (	sizeof(Array)	/	sizeof(Array[0])	)

typedef struct _DEVICE_EXTENSION
{
	PDEVICE_OBJECT		pDevice;										//设备对象
	UNICODE_STRING	ustrDeviceName;						//设备名称
	UNICODE_STRING	ustrSymLinkName;					//符号名称
}DEVICE_EXTENSION,*PDEVICE_EXTENSION;


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" NTSTATUS DriverEntry(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, IN PUNICODE_STRING  RegistryPath);
#endif

void HelloUnload(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject);														//卸载函数
NTSTATUS CreateDevice(PDRIVER_OBJECT PDevObj);													//创建设备
NTSTATUS HelloDDKDispatchRoutine(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp);	//派遣函数
NTSTATUS HelloDDKControl(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp);					//IRP_MJ_DIRECTORY_CONTROL
NTSTATUS HelloDDKRead(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp);
NTSTATUS HelloDDKCreate(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp);
NTSTATUS HelloDDKClose(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp);


 

#include "hello.h"
#include "Ioctl.h"


NTSTATUS DriverEntry(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, IN PUNICODE_STRING  RegistryPath)
{
		DbgPrint("Hello from!\n");
		DriverObject->DriverUnload = HelloUnload;
		for (int i=0;i<IRP_MJ_MAXIMUM_FUNCTION;i++)
		{
			DriverObject->MajorFunction[i]=HelloDDKDispatchRoutine;
		}
		DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_READ]=HelloDDKRead;
		DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CREATE]=HelloDDKCreate;
		DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CLOSE]=HelloDDKClose;

#if DBG
		_asm int 3
#endif
		//创建设备
		CreateDevice(DriverObject);
		return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

//卸载函数
void HelloUnload(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject)
{
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif
		DbgPrint("Goodbye from!\n");
		PDEVICE_OBJECT pNextObj=NULL;
		pNextObj=DriverObject->DeviceObject;

		while (pNextObj)
		{
			PDEVICE_EXTENSION pDevExt=(PDEVICE_EXTENSION)pNextObj->DeviceExtension;
			//删除符号连接
			IoDeleteSymbolicLink(&pDevExt->ustrSymLinkName);

			//删除设备
			IoDeleteDevice(pDevExt->pDevice);
			pNextObj=pNextObj->NextDevice;
		}
		KdPrint(("DriverB:Leave B DriverUnload\n"));
}

NTSTATUS HelloDDKControl(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp)
{
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif

	NTSTATUS status=STATUS_SUCCESS;
	//获取当前堆栈
	PIO_STACK_LOCATION stack=IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(pIrp);
	//获取输入参数大小
	ULONG cbin=stack->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength;
	//获取输出参数大小
	ULONG cbout=stack->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.OutputBufferLength;
	//得到IOCTL控制码
	ULONG code=stack->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.IoControlCode;
	//获取设备扩展
	PDEVICE_EXTENSION pDevExt=(PDEVICE_EXTENSION)pDevObj->DeviceExtension;

	//从用户模式传进来的微秒数
	ULONG ulMircoSeconds=*(PULONG)pIrp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer;

	switch (code)
	{
	case IOCTL_WAIT_METHOD1:	
		{

		}
		break;
	default:
		status=STATUS_INVALID_VARIANT;
	}

	//设置IRP的完成状态
	pIrp->IoStatus.Status=status;
	pIrp->IoStatus.Information=0;
	IoCompleteRequest(pIrp,IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return status;
}

NTSTATUS HelloDDKRead(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp)
{
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif
	DbgPrint("DriverB:Enter B HelloDDKRead\n");

	NTSTATUS status=STATUS_SUCCESS;
	UNICODE_STRING DeviceName;
	RtlInitUnicodeString(&DeviceName,L"\\Device\\MyDDKDeviceA");

	//得到设备对象句柄,计数器+1
	//如果是第一次调用,会打开设备,相当于zWCreateFile
	PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject=NULL;
	PFILE_OBJECT       FileObject=NULL;
	status=IoGetDeviceObjectPointer(&DeviceName,FILE_ALL_ACCESS,&FileObject,&DeviceObject);
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif

	//如果获取失败,完成IRP
	if (!NT_SUCCESS(status))
	{
		DbgPrint("%x\n",status);
		pIrp->IoStatus.Status=STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL;
		pIrp->IoStatus.Information=0;
		IoCompleteRequest(pIrp,IO_NO_INCREMENT);
		return STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL;
	}
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif
	KEVENT event;
	IO_STATUS_BLOCK status_block;
	LARGE_INTEGER offset;
	KeInitializeEvent(&event,NotificationEvent,FALSE);
	offset=RtlConvertLongToLargeInteger(0);

	//创建异步IRP
	PIRP pNewIrp=IoBuildAsynchronousFsdRequest(IRP_MJ_READ,DeviceObject,NULL,NULL,&offset,&status_block);
	
	//设置pNewIrp->UserEvent,这样在IRP完成后可以通知该事件
	pNewIrp->UserEvent=&event;

	PIO_STACK_LOCATION stack=IoGetNextIrpStackLocation(pNewIrp);
	stack->FileObject=FileObject;

	//调用DriverA,会一直调用DriverA的派遣函数
	status=IoCallDriver(DeviceObject,pNewIrp);

	if (status==STATUS_PENDING)
	{
		//如果DriverA的派遣函数没有完成IRP,则等待IRP完成
		status=KeWaitForSingleObject(&event,Executive,KernelMode,FALSE,NULL);
		status=status_block.Status;
	}

	//将引用计数器-1,如果此时计数器减为0,
	// 则将关闭设备,相当于调用ZwClose
	ObDereferenceObject(FileObject);

	//完成IRP
	pIrp->IoStatus.Status=STATUS_SUCCESS;
	pIrp->IoStatus.Information=0;
	IoCompleteRequest(pIrp,IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return STATUS_SUCCESS;	
}

NTSTATUS HelloDDKCreate(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp)
{
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif
	DbgPrint("DriverB:Enter B HelloDDKCreate\n");

	//完成IRP
	pIrp->IoStatus.Status=STATUS_SUCCESS;
	pIrp->IoStatus.Information=0;
	IoCompleteRequest(pIrp,IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

NTSTATUS HelloDDKClose(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrp)
{
#if DBG
	_asm int 3
#endif
	DbgPrint("DriverB:Enter B HelloDDKClose\n");

	//完成IRP
	pIrp->IoStatus.Status=STATUS_SUCCESS;
	pIrp->IoStatus.Information=0;
	IoCompleteRequest(pIrp,IO_NO_INCREMENT);
	return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}


//创建设备
NTSTATUS CreateDevice(PDRIVER_OBJECT pDriver_Object)
{

	//定义变量
	NTSTATUS status=STATUS_SUCCESS;
	PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj=NULL;
	PDEVICE_EXTENSION pDevExt=NULL;

	//初始化字符串
	UNICODE_STRING devname;
	UNICODE_STRING symLinkName;
	RtlInitUnicodeString(&devname,L"\\device\\MyDDKDeviceB");
	RtlInitUnicodeString(&symLinkName,L"\\??\\HelloDDKB");

	//创建设备
	status =IoCreateDevice(pDriver_Object,sizeof(DEVICE_EXTENSION),&devname,FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN,NULL,TRUE,&pDevObj);

	if (!NT_SUCCESS(status))
	{
		DbgPrint("创建设备失败\n");
		return status;
	}

	pDevObj->Flags |= DO_BUFFERED_IO;;
	pDevExt=(PDEVICE_EXTENSION)pDevObj->DeviceExtension;
	pDevExt->pDevice=pDevObj;
	pDevExt->ustrDeviceName=devname;
	pDevExt->ustrSymLinkName=symLinkName;

	//创建符号连接
	status =IoCreateSymbolicLink(&symLinkName,&devname) ;

	if (!NT_SUCCESS(status)) 
	{
		DbgPrint("创建符号连接失败\n");
		IoDeleteDevice(pDevObj);
		return status;
	}

	return STATUS_SUCCESS;
	
}

//派遣函数
NTSTATUS HelloDDKDispatchRoutine(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT pDevObj,IN PIRP pIrP)
{
//#if DBG
//	_asm int 3
//#endif

	PIO_STACK_LOCATION stack = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(pIrP);
	//建立一个字符串数组与IRP类型对应起来
	static char* irpname[] = 
	{
		"IRP_MJ_CREATE",
		"IRP_MJ_CREATE_NAMED_PIPE",
		"IRP_MJ_CLOSE",
		"IRP_MJ_READ",
		"IRP_MJ_WRITE",
		"IRP_MJ_QUERY_INFORMATION",
		"IRP_MJ_SET_INFORMATION",
		"IRP_MJ_QUERY_EA",
		"IRP_MJ_SET_EA",
		"IRP_MJ_FLUSH_BUFFERS",
		"IRP_MJ_QUERY_VOLUME_INFORMATION",
		"IRP_MJ_SET_VOLUME_INFORMATION",
		"IRP_MJ_DIRECTORY_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_FILE_SYSTEM_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_INTERNAL_DEVICE_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_SHUTDOWN",
		"IRP_MJ_LOCK_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_CLEANUP",
		"IRP_MJ_CREATE_MAILSLOT",
		"IRP_MJ_QUERY_SECURITY",
		"IRP_MJ_SET_SECURITY",
		"IRP_MJ_POWER",
		"IRP_MJ_SYSTEM_CONTROL",
		"IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CHANGE",
		"IRP_MJ_QUERY_QUOTA",
		"IRP_MJ_SET_QUOTA",
		"IRP_MJ_PNP",
	};

	UCHAR type = stack->MajorFunction;

	if (type >= CountArray(irpname))
		KdPrint(("无效的IRP类型 %X\n", type));
	else
		KdPrint(("%s\n", irpname[type]));




	pIrP->IoStatus.Status=STATUS_SUCCESS;					//设置完成状态
	pIrP->IoStatus.Information=0;										//设置操作字节为0
	IoCompleteRequest(pIrP,IO_NO_INCREMENT);			//结束IRP派遣函数,第二个参数表示不增加优先级
	return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}



 

评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值