设计模式之建造者模式

定义

将一个复杂对象的构建与它的表示分离，使得同样的创建过程可以有不同的表示方式，用户只需要建造具体的类型就可以，而无需知道建造的具体细节。例如现在有个类有A、B、C三个属性。这个对象的构造顺序可以是A->B->C，或者是B->A->C等等

优点

• 封装性好，创建和使用分离
• 扩展性好，解耦

缺点

• 类中会多于出Builder类
• 建造的产品内部更改，建造者也需要更改，成本较大

代码实现

本小节不实现建造者模式，我们用lombok的@builder来进行说明。如果不会使用lombok，请自行google或者百度。

@Builder
public class User {

    private Long id;

    private String username;

    private String password;

    private Integer age;

    private Character gender;

    private String hobby;

}

User类的结构如上所示，我们看下lombok为我们生产的建造者模式的代码如何。如下面所示，lombok生产了UserBuilder的内部类，我们可以根据具体的字段类型来建造User这个类的对象。

public class User {
    private Long id;
    private String username;
    private String password;
    private Integer age;
    private Character gender;
    private String hobby;

    User(Long id, String username, String password, Integer age, Character gender, String hobby) {
        this.id = id;
        this.username = username;
        this.password = password;
        this.age = age;
        this.gender = gender;
        this.hobby = hobby;
    }

    public static User.UserBuilder builder() {
        return new User.UserBuilder();
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "User(id=" + this.id + ", username=" + this.username + ", password=" + this.password + ", age=" + this.age + ", gender=" + this.gender + ", hobby=" + this.hobby + ")";
    }

    public static class UserBuilder {
        private Long id;
        private String username;
        private String password;
        private Integer age;
        private Character gender;
        private String hobby;

        UserBuilder() {
        }

        public User.UserBuilder id(Long id) {
            this.id = id;
            return this;
        }

        public User.UserBuilder username(String username) {
            this.username = username;
            return this;
        }

        public User.UserBuilder password(String password) {
            this.password = password;
            return this;
        }

        public User.UserBuilder age(Integer age) {
            this.age = age;
            return this;
        }

        public User.UserBuilder gender(Character gender) {
            this.gender = gender;
            return this;
        }

        public User.UserBuilder hobby(String hobby) {
            this.hobby = hobby;
            return this;
        }

        public User build() {
            return new User(this.id, this.username, this.password, this.age, this.gender, this.hobby);
        }

        public String toString() {
            return "User.UserBuilder(id=" + this.id + ", username=" + this.username + ", password=" + this.password + ", age=" + this.age + ", gender=" + this.gender + ", hobby=" + this.hobby + ")";
        }
    }
}

下面我们使用Main方法来测试下

public class BuilderMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        User user = User.builder().id(1L).username("admin").password("123456").build();
        System.out.println(user);
    	//User(id=1, username=admin, password=123456, age=null, gender=null, hobby=null)
    }
}