文章来自：http://www.cnblogs.com/xiaoxuetu/
在前面的博文《小学徒成长系列—String关键源码解析》和《小学徒进阶系列—JVM对String的处理》中，我们讲到了关于String的常用方法以及JVM对字符串常量String的处理。
但是在Java中，关于字符串操作的类还有两个，它们分别是StringBuilder和StringBuffer。我们先来就讲解一下String类和StringBuilder、StringBuffer的联系吧。
String、StringBuilder、StringBuffer的异同点
结合之前写的博文，我们对这三个常用的类的异同点进行分析：异：
1>String的对象是不可变的；而StringBuilder和StringBuffer是可变的。
2>StringBuilder不是线程安全的；而StringBuffer是线程安全的
3>String中的offset，value，count都是被final修饰的不可修改的；而StringBuffer和StringBuilder中的value，count都是继承自AbstractStringBuilder类的，没有被final修饰，说明他们在运行期间是可修改的，而且没有offset变量。
同：
三个类都是被final修饰的，是不可被继承的。
StringBuilder和StringBuffer的构造方法
其实StringBuilder和StringBuffer的构造方法类型是一样的，里面都是通过调用父类的构造方法进行实现的，在这里，我主要以StringBuilder为例子讲解，StringBuffer就不重复累赘的讲啦。 1>构建一个初始容量为16的默认的字符串构建
public StringBuilder() {
super(16);
}/**
* 构造一个不带任何字符的字符串生成器，其初始容量由 capacity 参数指定。
* @params capacity 数组初始化容量
*/
AbstractStringBuilder(int capacity) {
value = new char[capacity];
} 2>构造一个不带任何字符的字符串生成器，其初始容量由 capacity 参数指定。
public StringBuilder(int capacity) {
super(capacity);
} 3>构造一个字符串生成器，并初始化为指定的字符串内容。该字符串生成器的初始容量为 16 加上字符串参数的长度。
public StringBuilder(String str) {
super(str.length() + 16);
append(str);
} 4>构造一个字符串生成器，包含与指定的 CharSequence 相同的字符。该字符串生成器的初始容量为 16 加上 CharSequence 参数的长度。
public StringBuilder(CharSequence seq) {
this(seq.length() + 16);
append(seq);
}StringBuilder常用的方法
在StringBuilder中，很多方法最终都是进行一定的逻辑处理，然后通过调用父类AbstractStringBuilder中的方法进行实现的。
1>append(String str)
从下面的代码中我们可以看到，他是直接调用父类的append方法进行实现的。
public StringBuilder append(String str) {
super.append(str);
return this;
}public AbstractStringBuilder append(String str) {
//注意，当str的值为nul时，将会在当前字符串对象后面添加上Null字符串
if (str == null) str = "null";
//获取需要添加的字符串的长度
int len = str.length();
//判断添加后的字符串对象是否超过容量，若是，扩容
ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
//将str中的字符串复制到value数组中
str.getChars(0, len, value, count);
//更新当前字符串对象的字符串长度
count += len;
return this;
}2> ensureCapacityInternal
下面我们看下，他每次拼接字符串的时候，是怎样进行扩容的：
/**
* This method has the same contract as ensureCapacity, but is
* never synchronized.
*/
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minimumCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
// 如果需要扩展到的容量比当前字符数组长度要大
// 那么就正常扩容
if (minimumCapacity - value.length > 0)
expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);
}
/**
* This implements the expansion semantics of ensureCapacity with no
* size check or synchronization.
*/
void expandCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
// 初始化新的容量大小为当前字符串长度的2倍加2
int newCapacity = value.length * 2 + 2;
// 如果新容量大小比传进来的最小容量还要小
// 就是用最小的容量为新数组的容量
if (newCapacity - minimumCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minimumCapacity;
// 如果新的容量或者最小容量小于0
// 抛异常并且讲新容量设置成Integer最能存储的最大值
if (newCapacity < 0) {
if (minimumCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
}
// 创建容量大小为newCapacity的新数组
value = Arrays.copyOf(value, newCapacity);
}3>append(StringBuffer sb)
从这里我们可以看到，它又是调用父类的方法进行拼接的。
public StringBuilder append(StringBuffer sb) {
super.append(sb);
return this;
}// Documentation in subclasses because of synchro difference
public AbstractStringBuilder append(StringBuffer sb) {
// 如果sb的值为null，这里就会为字符串添加上字符串“null”
if (sb == null)
return append("null");
// 获取需要拼接过来的字符串的长度
int len = sb.length();
// 扩容当前兑现搞定字符数组容量
ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
// 进行字符串的拼接
sb.getChars(0, len, value, count);
// 更新当前字符串对象的长度变量
count += len;
return this;
}4>public StringBuilder delete(int start, int end)
删除从start开始到end结束的字符（包括start但不包括end）public StringBuilder delete(int start, int end) {
super.delete(start, end);
return this;
}/**
* Removes the characters in a substring of this sequence.
* The substring begins at the specified {@code start} and extends to
* the character at index {@code end - 1} or to the end of the
* sequence if no such character exists. If
* {@code start} is equal to {@code end}, no changes are made.
*
* @param start The beginning index, inclusive.
* @param end The ending index, exclusive.
* @return This object.
* @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code start}
* is negative, greater than {@code length()}, or
* greater than {@code end}.
*/
public AbstractStringBuilder delete(int start, int end) {
// 健壮性的检查
if (start < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
if (end > count)
end = count;
if (start > end)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException();
// 需要删除的长度
int len = end - start;
if (len > 0) {
// 进行复制，将被删除的元素后面的复制到前面去
System.arraycopy(value, start+len, value, start, count-end);
// 更新字符串长度
count -= len;
}
return this;
} 在看完上面那段源代码之后，我突然想到了一个问题，就是如果需要剩下的字符个数少于需要被覆盖的字符个数时怎么办，看下面的代码：
import java.util.Arrays;
public class StringBuilderTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
char[] src = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'};
int start = 4;
int end = 5;
int len = end - start;
if (len > 0) {
//进行复制，将被删除
System.arraycopy(src, start+len, src, start, src.length-end);
}
System.out.println(src);
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder("abcdefg");
stringBuilder.delete(4, 5);
System.out.println(stringBuilder);
}
}
奇怪，为什么StringBuilder可以输出abcdefg而我的会多了一个g呢？原因是在StringBuilder中的toString方法中重新创建了一个有效数字为count的，也就是说值为abcdefg的字符串对象，如下代码：
public String toString() {
// Create a copy, don't share the array
return new String(value, 0, count);
}5>public StringBuilder replace(int start, int end, String str)
关于这个方法，因为是直接调用父类中的方法进行实现的，所以我们继续直接看父类中的方法吧：/**
* Replaces the characters in a substring of this sequence
* with characters in the specified <code>String</code>. The substring
* begins at the specified <code>start</code> and extends to the character
* at index <code>end - 1</code> or to the end of the
* sequence if no such character exists. First the
* characters in the substring are removed and then the specified
* <code>String</code> is inserted at <code>start</code>. (This
* sequence will be lengthened to accommodate the
* specified String if necessary.)
*
* @param start The beginning index, inclusive.
* @param end The ending index, exclusive.
* @param str String that will replace previous contents.
* @return This object.
* @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if <code>start</code>
* is negative, greater than <code>length()</code>, or
* greater than <code>end</code>.
*/
public AbstractStringBuilder replace(int start, int end, String str) {
// 健壮性的检查
if (start < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
if (start > count)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("start > length()");
if (start > end)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("start > end");
if (end > count)
end = count;
// 获取需要添加的字符串的长度
int len = str.length();
// 计算新字符串的长度
int newCount = count + len - (end - start);
// 对当前对象的数组容量进行扩容
ensureCapacityInternal(newCount);
// 进行数组的中的元素移位，从而空出足够的空间来容纳需要添加的字符串
System.arraycopy(value, end, value, start + len, count - end);
// 将str复制到value中
str.getChars(value, start);
// 更新字符串长度
count = newCount;
return this
}6>public StringBuilder insert(int offset, String str)
在offset位置插入字符串str，他的实现也是通过父类进行实现的，继续看父类中的相应方法：/**
* Inserts the string into this character sequence.
* <p>
* The characters of the {@code String} argument are inserted, in
* order, into this sequence at the indicated offset, moving up any
* characters originally above that position and increasing the length
* of this sequence by the length of the argument. If
* {@code str} is {@code null}, then the four characters
* {@code "null"} are inserted into this sequence.
* <p>
* The character at index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is
* equal to:
* <ul>
* <li>the character at index <i>k</i> in the old character sequence, if
* <i>k</i> is less than {@code offset}
* <li>the character at index <i>k</i>{@code -offset} in the
* argument {@code str}, if <i>k</i> is not less than
* {@code offset} but is less than {@code offset+str.length()}
* <li>the character at index <i>k</i>{@code -str.length()} in the
* old character sequence, if <i>k</i> is not less than
* {@code offset+str.length()}
* </ul><p>
* The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
* {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
* of this sequence.
*
* @param offset the offset.
* @param str a string.
* @return a reference to this object.
* @throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if the offset is invalid.
*/
public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, String str) {
if ((offset < 0) || (offset > length()))
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
if (str == null)
str = "null";
int len = str.length();
ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
// 将字符串后移为插入的字符串留充足的空间
System.arraycopy(value, offset, value, offset + len, count - offset);
// 将str复制到value数组中
str.getChars(value, offset);
// 更新当前对象中记录的长度
count += len;
return this;
}7>indexOf(String str)
其实这个的实现主要是借助了String对象的indexOf方法来实现的，具体可以参考博文：《小学徒成长系列—String关键源码解析》这里就不详细进行讲解了：/**
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public int indexOf(String str) {
return indexOf(str, 0);
}/**
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
//调用了String类中的静态方法indexOf
return String.indexOf(value, 0, count,
str.toCharArray(), 0, str.length(), fromIndex);
}8> lastIndexOf()
lastIndexOf()方法跟indexOf()差不多，调用了String.lastIndexOf()方法进行实现，再次不重复说明。9> public StringBuilder reverse()
我们经常进行字符串的逆转，面试的时候也有经常问到，那么实际上在jdk中式怎么完成这些操作的呢？ 首先我们看下StringBuilder中的reverse方法()：
public StringBuilder reverse() {
//调用父类的reverse方法
super.reverse();
return this;
}public String reverse(char[] value){
//折半，从中间开始置换
for (int i = (value.length - 1) >> 1; i >= 0; i--){
char temp = value[i];
value[i] = value[value.length - 1 - i];
value[value.length - 1 - i] = temp;
}
return new String(value);
}/**
* Causes this character sequence to be replaced by the reverse of
* the sequence. If there are any surrogate pairs included in the
* sequence, these are treated as single characters for the
* reverse operation. Thus, the order of the high-low surrogates
* is never reversed.
*
* Let <i>n</i> be the character length of this character sequence
* (not the length in <code>char</code> values) just prior to
* execution of the <code>reverse</code> method. Then the
* character at index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is
* equal to the character at index <i>n-k-1</i> in the old
* character sequence.
*
* <p>Note that the reverse operation may result in producing
* surrogate pairs that were unpaired low-surrogates and
* high-surrogates before the operation. For example, reversing
* "\uDC00\uD800" produces "\uD800\uDC00" which is
* a valid surrogate pair.
*
* @return a reference to this object.
*/
public AbstractStringBuilder reverse() {
// 默认没有存储到Surrogate区的字符
boolean hasSurrogate = false;
int n = count - 1;
// 折半，遍历并且首尾相应位置置换
for (int j = (n-1) >> 1; j >= 0; --j) {
char temp = value[j];
char temp2 = value[n - j];
if (!hasSurrogate) {
// 判断一个char是否是Surrogate区的字符
hasSurrogate = (temp >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE)
|| (temp2 >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp2 <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE);
}
// 首尾值置换
value[j] = temp2;
value[n - j] = temp;
}
// 如果含有Surrogate区的字符
if (hasSurrogate) {
// Reverse back all valid surrogate pairs
for (int i = 0; i < count - 1; i++) {
char c2 = value[i];
if (Character.isLowSurrogate(c2)) {
char c1 = value[i + 1];
if (Character.isHighSurrogate(c1)) {
//下面这行代码相当于
//value[i]=c1; i=i+1;
value[i++] = c1;
value[i] = c2;
}
}
}
}
return this;
}StringBuffer的常用方法
前面我们知道StringBuffer相当于StringBuilder来说是线程安全的，所以再StringBuffer中，所有的方法都加了同步synchronized，例如append(String str)方法：public synchronized StringBuffer append(String str) {
super.append(str);
return this;
}
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