Android OkHttp官方Wiki之Recipes使用方法

本文将演示如何使用OkHttp来解决常见问题，了解每件事是如何一起工作的。

Synchronous Get 同步Get

下面的代码将下载一个txt文件，打印它的响应结果的响应头部，并将它的响应体作为字符串打印出来。

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    Headers responseHeaders = response.headers();
    for (int i = 0; i < responseHeaders.size(); i++) {
      System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i));
    }

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

响应体中的string()方法对于小文档来时是方便和高效的。但是如果响应体体积很大（大于1Mib），则应避免使用string()方法，因为它将把整个文档加载到内存中。在这种情况下，可以将响应体作为流来处理。

Asynchronous Get异步Get

在工作线程上下载一个文件，当响应结果可读时就会得到回调调用。回调是在响应头准备好之后进行的。读取响应体可能仍然会阻塞。OkHttp目前还没有提供异步api来接受响应主体。

 private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
        .build();

    client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {
      @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
      }

      @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
        if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

        Headers responseHeaders = response.headers();
        for (int i = 0, size = responseHeaders.size(); i < size; i++) {
          System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i));
        }

        System.out.println(response.body().string());
      }
    });
  }

Accessing Headers访问头部

典型的HTTP头部使用Map

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/repos/square/okhttp/issues")
        .header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Headers.java")
        .addHeader("Accept", "application/json; q=0.5")
        .addHeader("Accept", "application/vnd.github.v3+json")
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println("Server: " + response.header("Server"));
    System.out.println("Date: " + response.header("Date"));
    System.out.println("Vary: " + response.headers("Vary"));
  }

Posting a String /Post发送文档

本例子使用HTTP POST将请求体发送到服务器，将一个markdown文档发送到一个将markdown作为HTML的web服务器上。因为整个请求体在内存中，所以使用这个API避免发送（大于1个Mib）文档。

  public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
      = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    String postBody = ""
        + "Releases\n"
        + "--------\n"
        + "\n"
        + " * _1.0_ May 6, 2013\n"
        + " * _1.1_ June 15, 2013\n"
        + " * _1.2_ August 11, 2013\n";

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
        .post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, postBody))
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Post Streaming/Post发送流

在本例中将一个请求体作为流来进行发送。这个请求体的内容在被写入时生成。这个示例的请求体数据直接流到Okio缓冲池中，在程序中将作为OutputStream，可以从BufferedSink.outputStream()方法中获得。

  public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
      = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    RequestBody requestBody = new RequestBody() {
      @Override public MediaType contentType() {
        return MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN;
      }

      @Override public void writeTo(BufferedSink sink) throws IOException {
        sink.writeUtf8("Numbers\n");
        sink.writeUtf8("-------\n");
        for (int i = 2; i <= 997; i++) {
          sink.writeUtf8(String.format(" * %s = %s\n", i, factor(i)));
        }
      }

      private String factor(int n) {
        for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) {
          int x = n / i;
          if (x * i == n) return factor(x) + " × " + i;
        }
        return Integer.toString(n);
      }
    };

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
        .post(requestBody)
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Posting a File/Post发送文件

使用OkHttp可以很容易将文件作为请求体来进行发送。

  public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
      = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    File file = new File("README.md");

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
        .post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, file))
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Posting form parameters发布形式参数

使用FormBody.Builder表单建造者来构建一个像HTML<form>标签一样工作的请求体。键值对将使用与HTML兼容的表单URL编码进行编码。

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    RequestBody formBody = new FormBody.Builder()
        .add("search", "Jurassic Park")
        .build();
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php")
        .post(formBody)
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Posting a multipart request发布多请求体的请求

MultipartBody.Builder可以构建与HTML文件上传表单兼容的复杂请求体。多部件请求体中的每一个部件本身就是一个请求体，并且可以定义它自己的头部。如果存在这样的请求体部件，这些头部应该描述请求体部件主体，比如它的内容配置Content-Disposition。同时如果这些请求体可用，那么内容长度Content-Length和内容类型Content-Type将自动添加到头部字段。

  private static final String IMGUR_CLIENT_ID = "...";
  private static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_PNG = MediaType.parse("image/png");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    // Use the imgur image upload API as documented at https://api.imgur.com/endpoints/image
    RequestBody requestBody = new MultipartBody.Builder()
        .setType(MultipartBody.FORM)
        .addFormDataPart("title", "Square Logo")
        .addFormDataPart("image", "logo-square.png",
            RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_PNG, new File("website/static/logo-square.png")))
        .build();

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .header("Authorization", "Client-ID " + IMGUR_CLIENT_ID)
        .url("https://api.imgur.com/3/image")
        .post(requestBody)
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Parse a JSON Response With Gson 使用Gson来解析JSON响应

Gson是一个用于在JSON和Java对象之间进行转换的一个方便的API。在本例中将使用Gson来解码来自GitHub Api的JSON响应。
注意，下面代码中的ResponseBody.charStream（）方法使用Content-Type响应头部来选择在解码响应体时应使用哪个字符集。如果没有指定字符集，则默认为UTF-8。

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
  private final Gson gson = new Gson();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/gists/c2a7c39532239ff261be")
        .build();
    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    Gist gist = gson.fromJson(response.body().charStream(), Gist.class);
    for (Map.Entry<String, GistFile> entry : gist.files.entrySet()) {
      System.out.println(entry.getKey());
      System.out.println(entry.getValue().content);
    }
  }

  static class Gist {
    Map<String, GistFile> files;
  }

  static class GistFile {
    String content;
  }

Response Caching 响应缓存

要使OkHttp来缓存响应，用户需要创建一个可以读写的缓存目录，以及设置缓存大小的限制。该缓存目录应该是私有的private，不受信任的应用程序不能读取它的内容。
让多个缓存同时访问同一个缓存目录是错误的。大多数应用程序都应该只调用一次new OkHttpClient( )，并为其配置缓存，并在任何地方使用该OkHttp实例。否则，两个缓存实例将相互影响，破坏响应缓存，并可能破坏您的程序。
响应缓存使用HTTP头部来进行所有的配置。用户可以在请求头部添加Cache-Control:max-stale=3600的字段，OkHttp的缓存就会执行。用户的web服务器配置响应缓存的响应头部来设置响应缓存的大小，例如Cache-Control:max-age=9600。有一些缓存头部可以强制缓存响应，强制网络响应，或强制使用有条件的GET对网络响应进行验证。

  private final OkHttpClient client;

  public CacheResponse(File cacheDirectory) throws Exception {
    int cacheSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MiB
    Cache cache = new Cache(cacheDirectory, cacheSize);

    client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
        .cache(cache)
        .build();
  }

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
        .build();

    Response response1 = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response1.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response1);

    String response1Body = response1.body().string();
    System.out.println("Response 1 response:          " + response1);
    System.out.println("Response 1 cache response:    " + response1.cacheResponse());
    System.out.println("Response 1 network response:  " + response1.networkResponse());

    Response response2 = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response2.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response2);

    String response2Body = response2.body().string();
    System.out.println("Response 2 response:          " + response2);
    System.out.println("Response 2 cache response:    " + response2.cacheResponse());
    System.out.println("Response 2 network response:  " + response2.networkResponse());

    System.out.println("Response 2 equals Response 1? " + response1Body.equals(response2Body));
  }

当不使用缓存时，可以使用CacheControl.FORCE_NETWORK来防止使用缓存的响应。当只使用缓存，而不使用网络获取数据时，可以使用CacheControl.FORCE_CACHE。注意：当使用FORCE_CACHE时，响应结果需要从网络获取，OkHttp将返回504 Unsatisfiable Reques 的响应结果。

Canceling a Call 取消一个请求

当发起网络请求后，可以使用Call.cancel（）来停止正在进行的调用。如果一个线程正在写请求或者读取响应，将收到一个IOException异常。当一个Call不再需要使用时，可以使用cancel（）来保护网络，例如当用户退出应用程序时。注意，同步和异步的调用都可以被取消。

  private final ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay.
        .build();

    final long startNanos = System.nanoTime();
    final Call call = client.newCall(request);

    // Schedule a job to cancel the call in 1 second.
    executor.schedule(new Runnable() {
      @Override public void run() {
        System.out.printf("%.2f Canceling call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
        call.cancel();
        System.out.printf("%.2f Canceled call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
      }
    }, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

    try {
      System.out.printf("%.2f Executing call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
      Response response = call.execute();
      System.out.printf("%.2f Call was expected to fail, but completed: %s%n",
          (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, response);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.out.printf("%.2f Call failed as expected: %s%n",
          (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, e);
    }
  }

Timeouts 响应超时

当网络请求不可到达时，call请求会由于超时而导致失败。网络不可到达的原因可能是由于客户端连接问题，服务器可用性问题或者其他原因造成的。OkHttp支持连接超时，读取超时以及写入超时。

  private final OkHttpClient client;

  public ConfigureTimeouts() throws Exception {
    client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
        .connectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
        .writeTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
        .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
        .build();
  }

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay.
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    System.out.println("Response completed: " + response);
  }

Per-call Configuration 配置Call

所有的HTTP客户端配置都存在于OkHttpClient中，包括代理设置，超时和缓存。当需要更改单个Call调用的配置时，请调用OkHttpClient.newBuilder（）方法，这个方法同样返回一个OkHttp构建器，该构建器与初始客户端OkHttpClient.Builder（）共享相同的连接池Connection Pool，分发器Dispatcher和配置。在下面的例子中，将使用一个500毫秒的超时的请求和另一个3000毫秒的超时的请求。

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/1") // This URL is served with a 1 second delay.
        .build();

    try {
      // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request.
      OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder()
          .readTimeout(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
          .build();

      Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute();
      System.out.println("Response 1 succeeded: " + response);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.out.println("Response 1 failed: " + e);
    }

    try {
      // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request.
      OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder()
          .readTimeout(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
          .build();

      Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute();
      System.out.println("Response 2 succeeded: " + response);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.out.println("Response 2 failed: " + e);
    }
  }

Handling authentication处理身份验证

OkHttp可以自动重试未经身份验证的请求，例如当响应状态吗是401未经授权时，会要求身份验证者提供证书。用户应该构建一个新的请求，并附带缺少的验证证书。如果没有可用的证书，则返回null以跳过重试。
使用Response.challenges（）方法来获取任何身份验证的方案和领域。当需要完成一个基本的身份验证时，可以使用Credentials.basic（username，password）方法来对请求头进行编码。

  private final OkHttpClient client;

  public Authenticate() {
    client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
        .authenticator(new Authenticator() {
          @Override public Request authenticate(Route route, Response response) throws IOException {
            System.out.println("Authenticating for response: " + response);
            System.out.println("Challenges: " + response.challenges());
            String credential = Credentials.basic("jesse", "password1");
            return response.request().newBuilder()
                .header("Authorization", credential)
                .build();
          }
        })
        .build();
  }

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/secrets/hellosecret.txt")
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

为了避免在身份验证无效时进行多次重试，可以返回null来放弃该请求。例如，当这些确切的用户凭证已经被尝试时，用户可能希望跳过重试：

  if (credential.equals(response.request().header("Authorization"))) {
    return null; // If we already failed with these credentials, don't retry.
   }

当你超过应用程序定义的尝试连接限制时，你可能希望跳过重试：

  if (responseCount(response) >= 3) {
    return null; // If we've failed 3 times, give up.
  }

上文中的responseCount（）方法的源码如下所示：

  private int responseCount(Response response) {
    int result = 1;
    while ((response = response.priorResponse()) != null) {
      result++;
    }
    return result;
  }