SaltStack配置管理

1. YAML语言

YAML是一种直观的能够被电脑识别的数据序列化格式，是一个可读性高并且容易被人类阅读，容易和脚本语言交互，用来表达资料序列的编程语言。

它类似于标准通用标记语言的子集XML的数据描述语言，语法比XML简单很多。

YAML语言的格式如下：

house:
  family:
    name: Doe
    parents:
      - John
      - Jane
    children:
      - Paul
      - Mark
      - Simone
  address:
    number: 34
    street: Main Street
    city: Nowheretown
    zipcode: 12345

YAML的基本规则：

• 使用缩进来表示层级关系，每层2个空格，禁止使用TAB键
• 当冒号不是处于最后时，冒号后面必须有一个空格
• 用 - 表示列表，- 的后面必须有一个空格
• 用 # 表示注释

YAML配置文件要放到SaltStack让我们放的位置，可以在SaltStack的 Master 配置文件中查找file_roots即可看到。

[root@node01-Linux ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
...
file_roots:
  base:
    - /srv/salt/base
  prod:
    - /srv/salt/prod
...

[root@node01-Linux ~]# mkdir -p /srv/salt/base
[root@node01-Linux ~]# tree /srv/salt/
/srv/salt/
└── base

[root@node01-Linux ~]# systemctl restart salt-master

需要注意：
base是默认的位置，如果file_roots只有一个，则base是必备的且必须叫base，不能改名

2. 用SaltStack配置一个apache实例

2.1 在Master上部署sls配置文件并执行

[root@node01-Linux ~]# cd /srv/salt/base/
[root@node01-Linux base]# mkdir -p web/apache
[root@node01-Linux base]# tree web
web
└── apache

1 directory, 0 files
[root@node01-Linux base]# cd web/apache/
[root@node01-Linux apache]# vim install.sls
apache-install:
  pkg.installed:
    - name: httpd

apache-service:
  service.running:
    - name: httpd
    - enable: True

// YAML 配置文件中顶格写的被称作ID，必须全局唯一，不能重复
// SaltStack 读 YAML 配置文件时是从上往下读，所以要把先执行的写在前面

#执行状态描述文件
[root@node01-Linux base]# salt 'node02*' state.sls web.apache.install
node02-linux.example.com:
----------
          ID: apache-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: httpd
     Started: 19:16:44.385272
    Duration: 28265.877 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              httpd:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.4.6-93.el7.centos
                  old:
              httpd-tools:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.4.6-93.el7.centos
                  old:
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: Service httpd has been enabled, and is running
     Started: 19:17:12.678412
    Duration: 4096.884 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              httpd:
                  True

Summary for node02-linux.example.com
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=2)
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time:  32.363 s

2.2 在Minion上检查

[root@node02-linux ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2020-08-18 10:16:08 CST; 2min 6s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
 Main PID: 13561 (httpd)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─13561 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─13568 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─13569 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─13570 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─13571 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─13572 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

Aug 18 10:15:47 node02-linux.example.com systemd[1]: Starting The A...
Aug 18 10:16:08 node02-linux.example.com systemd[1]: Started The Ap...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

由以上内容可知apache确实已部署成功。

卸载

[root@node01-Linux ~]# cd /srv/salt/
[root@node01-Linux salt]# ls
base
[root@node01-Linux salt]# mkdir -p prod/web/apache
[root@node01-Linux salt]# tree 
.
├── base
│   └── web
│       └── nginx
│           └── install.sls
└── prod
    └── web
        └── apache

6 directories, 1 file
[root@node01-Linux salt]# pwd
/srv/salt
[root@node01-Linux salt]# cd prod/web/apache/
[root@node01-Linux apache]# cat uninstall.sls 
apache-uninstall:
  pkg.removed:
    - name: httpd

[root@node01-linux salt]# pwd
/srv/salt
[root@node01-linux salt]# tree 
.
├── base
│   └── web
│       └── apache
│           └── install.sls
└── prod
    └── web
        └── apache
            └── uninstall.sls

6 directories, 2 files


[root@node01-linux ~]# salt 'node02*' state.sls web.apache.uninstall saltenv=prod
node02-linux.example.com:
----------
          ID: apache-uninstall
    Function: pkg.removed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: All specified packages are already absent
     Started: 22:55:14.096511
    Duration: 519.164 ms
     Changes:   

Summary for node02-linux.example.com
------------
Succeeded: 1
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     1
Total run time: 519.164 ms

#被控制端minion验证
[root@node02-linux ~]# rpm -qa|grep httpd
httpd-tools-2.4.6-93.el7.centos.x86_64

执行状态文件的技巧：
先用test.ping测试需要执行状态文件的主机是否能正常通信，然后再执行状态文件

3. top file

3.1 top file介绍

直接通过命令执行sls文件时够自动化吗？答案是否定的，因为我们还要告诉某台主机要执行某个任务，自动化应该是我们让它干活时，它自己就知道哪台主机要干什么活，但是直接通过命令执行sls文件并不能达到这个目的，为了解决这个问题，top file 应运而生。

top file就是一个入口，top file的文件名可通过在 Master的配置文件中搜索top.sls找出，且此文件必须在 base 环境中，默认情况下此文件必须叫top.sls。

top file的作用就是告诉对应的主机要干什么活，比如让web服务器启动web服务，让数据库服务器安装mysql等等。

top file 实例：

[root@node01-linux base]# pwd
/srv/salt/base
[root@node01-linux base]# ls
web
[root@node01-linux base]# vim top.sls
base:						//要执行状态文件的环境
  'node02*':				//要执行状态文件的目标
    - web.apache.install	//要执行的状态文件

#使用高级状态来执行
[root@node01-linux base]# salt '*' state.highstate
node07-linux.example.com:
----------
          ID: states
    Function: no.None
      Result: False
     Comment: No Top file or master_tops data matches found. Please see master log for details.
     Changes:   

Summary for node07-linux.example.com
------------
Succeeded: 0
Failed:    1
------------
Total states run:     1
Total run time:   0.000 ms
node02-linux.example.com:
----------
          ID: apache-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: httpd
     Started: 23:58:17.173064
    Duration: 11928.814 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              httpd:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.4.6-93.el7.centos
                  old:
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: Service httpd has been enabled, and is running
     Started: 23:58:29.129135
    Duration: 494.611 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              httpd:
                  True

Summary for node02-linux.example.com
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=2)
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time:  12.423 s
ERROR: Minions returned with non-zero exit code

#查看minion的httpd
[root@node02-linux ~]# rpm -qa|grep httpd
httpd-tools-2.4.6-93.el7.centos.x86_64
httpd-2.4.6-93.el7.centos.x86_64
[root@node02-linux ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2020-08-19 23:58:29 CST; 2min 38s ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
 Main PID: 2410 (httpd)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─2410 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2417 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2418 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2419 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─2420 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─2421 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

Aug 19 23:58:29 node02-linux.example.com systemd[1]: Starting The Apache...
Aug 19 23:58:29 node02-linux.example.com systemd[1]: Started The Apache ...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

注意：

若top file里面的目标是用 * 表示的，要注意的是，top file里面的 * 表示的是所有要执行状态的目标，而 salt '*' state.highstate 里面的 * 表示通知所有机器干活，而是否要干活则是由top file来指定的

3.2 高级状态highstate的使用

管理SaltStack时一般最常用的管理操作就是执行高级状态

[root@node01-linux ~]# salt '*' state.highstate		//生产环境禁止这样使用salt命令

注意：
上面让所有人执行高级状态，但实际工作当中，一般不会这么用，工作当中一般都是通知某台或某些台目标主机来执行高级状态，具体是否执行则是由top file来决定的。

若在执行高级状态时加上参数test=True，则它会告诉我们它将会做什么，但是它不会真的去执行这个操作。

#检查minion有没有安装httpd
[root@node02-linux ~]# rpm -qa|grep httpd
httpd-tools-2.4.6-93.el7.centos.x86_64

#在master上执行高级状态的测试
[root@node01-linux base]# salt 'node02*' state.highstate test=True
node02-linux.example.com:
----------
          ID: apache-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: None
     Comment: The following packages would be installed/updated: httpd
     Started: 00:12:45.259321
    Duration: 554.327 ms
     Changes:   
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: None
     Comment: Service httpd not present; if created in this state run, it would have been started
     Started: 00:12:45.814438
    Duration: 25.575 ms
     Changes:   

Summary for node02-linux.example.com
------------
Succeeded: 2 (unchanged=2)
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time: 579.902 ms

#在minion上查看httpd是否安装
[root@node02-linux ~]# rpm -qa|grep httpd
httpd-tools-2.4.6-93.el7.centos.x86_64


//由此可见高级状态并没有执行，因为httpd并没有安装