现在主流的Web MVC框架除了Struts这个主力 外,其次就是Spring MVC了,因此这也是作为一名程序员需要掌握的主流框架,框架选择多了,应对多变的需求和业务时,可实行的方案自然就多了。不过要想灵活运用Spring MVC来应对大多数的Web开发,就必须要掌握它的配置及原理。
一、Spring MVC环境搭建:(Spring 2.5.6 + Hibernate 3.2.0)
1. jar包引入
Spring 2.5.6:spring.jar、spring-webmvc.jar、commons-logging.jar、cglib-nodep-2.1_3.jar
Hibernate 3.6.8:hibernate3.jar、hibernate-jpa-2.0-api-1.0.1.Final.jar、antlr-2.7.6.jar、commons-collections-3.1、dom4j-1.6.1.jar、javassist-3.12.0.GA.jar、jta-1.1.jar、slf4j-api-1.6.1.jar、slf4j-nop-1.6.4.jar、相应数据库的驱动jar包
2. web.xml配置(部分)
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<!-- Spring MVC配置 -->
<!-- ====================================== -->
<
servlet
>
<
servlet-name
>spring</
servlet-name
>
<
servlet-class
>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</
servlet-class
>
<!-- 可以自定义servlet.xml配置文件的位置和名称,默认为WEB-INF目录下,名称为[<servlet-name>]-servlet.xml,如spring-servlet.xml
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/spring-servlet.xml</param-value> 默认
</init-param>
-->
<
load-on-startup
>1</
load-on-startup
>
</
servlet
>
<
servlet-mapping
>
<
servlet-name
>spring</
servlet-name
>
<
url-pattern
>*.do</
url-pattern
>
</
servlet-mapping
>
<!-- Spring配置 -->
<!-- ====================================== -->
<
listener
>
<
listener-class
>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</
listener-class
>
</
listener
>
<!-- 指定Spring Bean的配置文件所在目录。默认配置在WEB-INF目录下 -->
<
context-param
>
<
param-name
>contextConfigLocation</
param-name
>
<
param-value
>classpath:config/applicationContext.xml</
param-value
>
</
context-param
>
|
3. spring-servlet.xml配置
spring-servlet这个名字是因为上面web.xml中<servlet-name>标签配的值为spring(<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>),再加上“-servlet”后缀而形成的spring-servlet.xml文件名,如果改为springMVC,对应的文件名则为springMVC-servlet.xml。
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<?
xml
version
=
"1.0"
encoding
=
"UTF-8"
?>
<
beans
xmlns
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi
=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xmlns:context
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context <a
href
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd"
>http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd</
a
>">
<!-- 启用spring mvc 注解 -->
<
context:annotation-config
/>
<!-- 设置使用注解的类所在的jar包 -->
<
context:component-scan
base-package
=
"controller"
></
context:component-scan
>
<!-- 完成请求和注解POJO的映射 -->
<
bean
class
=
"org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter"
/>
<!-- 对转向页面的路径解析。prefix:前缀, suffix:后缀 -->
<
bean
class
=
"org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver"
p:prefix
=
"/jsp/"
p:suffix
=
".jsp"
/>
</
beans
>
|
4. applicationContext.xml配置
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<?
xml
version
=
"1.0"
encoding
=
"UTF-8"
?>
<
beans
xmlns
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi
=
"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:aop
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
xmlns:tx
=
"http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.5.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.5.xsd">
<!-- 采用hibernate.cfg.xml方式配置数据源 -->
<
bean
id
=
"sessionFactory"
class
=
"org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.LocalSessionFactoryBean"
>
<
property
name
=
"configLocation"
>
<
value
>classpath:config/hibernate.cfg.xml</
value
>
</
property
>
</
bean
>
<!-- 将事务与Hibernate关联 -->
<
bean
id
=
"transactionManager"
class
=
"org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTransactionManager"
>
<
property
name
=
"sessionFactory"
>
<
ref
local
=
"sessionFactory"
/>
</
property
>
</
bean
>
<!-- 事务(注解 )-->
<
tx:annotation-driven
transaction-manager
=
"transactionManager"
proxy-target-class
=
"true"
/>
<!-- 测试Service -->
<
bean
id
=
"loginService"
class
=
"service.LoginService"
></
bean
>
<!-- 测试Dao -->
<
bean
id
=
"hibernateDao"
class
=
"dao.HibernateDao"
>
<
property
name
=
"sessionFactory"
ref
=
"sessionFactory"
></
property
>
</
bean
>
</
beans
>
|
二、详解
Spring MVC与Struts从原理上很相似(都是基于MVC架构),都有一个控制页面请求的Servlet,处理完后跳转页面。看如下代码(注解):
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package
controller;
import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import
org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import
entity.User;
@Controller
//类似Struts的Action
public
class
TestController {
@RequestMapping
(
"test/login.do"
)
// 请求url地址映射,类似Struts的action-mapping
public
String testLogin(
@RequestParam
(value=
"username"
)String username, String password, HttpServletRequest request) {
// @RequestParam是指请求url地址映射中必须含有的参数(除非属性required=false)
// @RequestParam可简写为:@RequestParam("username")
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password)) {
return
"loginError"
;
// 跳转页面路径(默认为转发),该路径不需要包含spring-servlet配置文件中配置的前缀和后缀
}
return
"loginSuccess"
;
}
@RequestMapping
(
"/test/login2.do"
)
public
ModelAndView testLogin2(String username, String password,
int
age){
// request和response不必非要出现在方法中,如果用不上的话可以去掉
// 参数的名称是与页面控件的name相匹配,参数类型会自动被转换
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password) || age <
5
) {
return
new
ModelAndView(
"loginError"
);
// 手动实例化ModelAndView完成跳转页面(转发),效果等同于上面的方法返回字符串
}
return
new
ModelAndView(
new
RedirectView(
"../index.jsp"
));
// 采用重定向方式跳转页面
// 重定向还有一种简单写法
// return new ModelAndView("redirect:../index.jsp");
}
@RequestMapping
(
"/test/login3.do"
)
public
ModelAndView testLogin3(User user) {
// 同样支持参数为表单对象,类似于Struts的ActionForm,User不需要任何配置,直接写即可
String username = user.getUsername();
String password = user.getPassword();
int
age = user.getAge();
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password) || age <
5
) {
return
new
ModelAndView(
"loginError"
);
}
return
new
ModelAndView(
"loginSuccess"
);
}
@Resource
(name =
"loginService"
)
// 获取applicationContext.xml中bean的id为loginService的,并注入
private
LoginService loginService;
//等价于spring传统注入方式写get和set方法,这样的好处是简洁工整,省去了不必要得代码
@RequestMapping
(
"/test/login4.do"
)
public
String testLogin4(User user) {
if
(loginService.login(user) ==
false
) {
return
"loginError"
;
}
return
"loginSuccess"
;
}
}
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以上4个方法示例,是一个Controller里含有不同的请求url,也可以采用一个url访问,通过url参数来区分访问不同的方法,代码如下:
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package
controller;
import
org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
@Controller
@RequestMapping
(
"/test2/login.do"
)
// 指定唯一一个*.do请求关联到该Controller
public
class
TestController2 {
@RequestMapping
public
String testLogin(String username, String password,
int
age) {
// 如果不加任何参数,则在请求/test2/login.do时,便默认执行该方法
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password) || age <
5
) {
return
"loginError"
;
}
return
"loginSuccess"
;
}
@RequestMapping
(params =
"method=1"
, method=RequestMethod.POST)
public
String testLogin2(String username, String password) {
// 依据params的参数method的值来区分不同的调用方法
// 可以指定页面请求方式的类型,默认为get请求
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password)) {
return
"loginError"
;
}
return
"loginSuccess"
;
}
@RequestMapping
(params =
"method=2"
)
public
String testLogin3(String username, String password,
int
age) {
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password) || age <
5
) {
return
"loginError"
;
}
return
"loginSuccess"
;
}
}
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其实RequestMapping在Class上,可看做是父Request请求url,而RequestMapping在方法上的可看做是子Request请求url,父子请求url最终会拼起来与页面请求url进行匹配,因此RequestMapping也可以这么写:
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package
controller;
import
org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import
org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
@Controller
@RequestMapping
(
"/test3/*"
)
// 父request请求url
public
class
TestController3 {
@RequestMapping
(
"login.do"
)
// 子request请求url,拼接后等价于/test3/login.do
public
String testLogin(String username, String password,
int
age) {
if
(!
"admin"
.equals(username) || !
"admin"
.equals(password) || age <
5
) {
return
"loginError"
;
}
return
"loginSuccess"
;
}
}
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三、结束语
掌握以上这些Spring MVC就已经有了很好的基础了,几乎可应对与任何开发,在熟练掌握这些后,便可更深层次的灵活运用的技术,如多种视图技术,例如 Jsp、Velocity、Tiles、iText 和 POI。Spring MVC框架并不知道使用的视图,所以不会强迫您只使用 JSP 技术。