【Netty】ChannelPipeline和ChannelHandler（一）

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简介

前文学习Netty的ByteBuf数据容器。本文开始学习ChannelPipeline和ChannelHandler，它们的角色非常类似于流水线以及工人。

Channel的生命周期

Channel接口定义了一个简单但是强大的状态模型，该模型与ChannelInboundHandler API紧密联系。

ChannelInboundHandler源码如下

public interface ChannelInboundHandler extends ChannelHandler {

    /**
     * The {@link Channel} of the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} was registered with its {@link EventLoop}
     */
    void channelRegistered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * The {@link Channel} of the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} was unregistered from its {@link EventLoop}
     */
    void channelUnregistered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * The {@link Channel} of the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} is now active
     */
    void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * The {@link Channel} of the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} was registered is now inactive and reached its
     * end of lifetime.
     */
    void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Invoked when the current {@link Channel} has read a message from the peer.
     */
    void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Invoked when the last message read by the current read operation has been consumed by
     * {@link #channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext, Object)}.  If {@link ChannelOption#AUTO_READ} is off, no further
     * attempt to read an inbound data from the current {@link Channel} will be made until
     * {@link ChannelHandlerContext#read()} is called.
     */
    void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Gets called if an user event was triggered.
     */
    void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Gets called once the writable state of a {@link Channel} changed. You can check the state with
     * {@link Channel#isWritable()}.
     */
    void channelWritabilityChanged(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Gets called if a {@link Throwable} was thrown.
     */
    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
    void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception;
}

其中标记Channel生命周期状态的方法如下：

以下列出Channel的4个状态：

ChannelUnregistered：Channel已经被创建，但还未注册到EventLoop
ChannelRegistered：Channel已经被注册到了EventLoop
ChannelActive：Channel处于活动状态（已经连接到它的远程节点）。它现在可以接收和发送数据了
ChannelInactive：Channel没有连接到远程节点

Channel的正常生命周期如下图所示

当这些状态发生改变时，将会生成对应的事件。这些事件将会被转发给ChannelPipeline中的ChannelHandler，其可以随后对它们做出响应。

ChannelHandler的生命周期

在ChannelHandler被添加到ChannelPipeline中或者被从ChannelPipeline中移除时会调用这些操作，这些方法中的每一个都接受一个ChannelHandlerContext参数。

ChannelHandler源码如下：

public interface ChannelHandler {

    /**
     * Gets called after the {@link ChannelHandler} was added to the actual context and it's ready to handle events.
     */
    void handlerAdded(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Gets called after the {@link ChannelHandler} was removed from the actual context and it doesn't handle events
     * anymore.
     */
    void handlerRemoved(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Gets called if a {@link Throwable} was thrown.
     *
     * @deprecated if you want to handle this event you should implement {@link ChannelInboundHandler} and
     * implement the method there.
     */
    @Deprecated
    void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Indicates that the same instance of the annotated {@link ChannelHandler}
     * can be added to one or more {@link ChannelPipeline}s multiple times
     * without a race condition.
     * <p>
     * If this annotation is not specified, you have to create a new handler
     * instance every time you add it to a pipeline because it has unshared
     * state such as member variables.
     * <p>
     * This annotation is provided for documentation purpose, just like
     * <a href="http://www.javaconcurrencyinpractice.com/annotations/doc/">the JCIP annotations</a>.
     */
    @Inherited
    @Documented
    @Target(ElementType.TYPE)
    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
    @interface Sharable {
        // no value
    }
}

ChannelHandler的生命周期方法解析：

handlerAdded：当把ChannelHandler添加到ChannelPipeline中时被调用
handlerRemoved：当从ChannelPipeline中移除ChannelHandler时被调用
exceptionCaught：当处理过程中在ChannelPipeline中有错误产生时被调用

Netty定义了下面两个重要的ChannelHandler子接口：

ChannelInboundHandler——处理入站数据以及各种状态变化
ChannelOutboundHandler——处理出站数据并且允许拦截所有的操作

ChannelHandler之ChannelInboundHandler

ChannelInboundHandler接口生命周期中的方法，当接受到数据或者其对应的Channel的状态发生变化则会调用方法

ChannelInboundHandler源码如下：

public interface ChannelInboundHandler extends ChannelHandler {

    /**
     * The {@link Channel} of the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} was registered with its {@link EventLoop}
     */
    void channelRegistered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * The {@link Channel} of the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} was unregistered from its {@link EventLoop}
     */
    void channelUnregistered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * The {@link Channel} of the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} is now active
     */
    void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * The {@link Channel} of the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} was registered is now inactive and reached its
     * end of lifetime.
     */
    void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Invoked when the current {@link Channel} has read a message from the peer.
     */
    void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Invoked when the last message read by the current read operation has been consumed by
     * {@link #channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext, Object)}.  If {@link ChannelOption#AUTO_READ} is off, no further
     * attempt to read an inbound data from the current {@link Channel} will be made until
     * {@link ChannelHandlerContext#read()} is called.
     */
    void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Gets called if an user event was triggered.
     */
    void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Gets called once the writable state of a {@link Channel} changed. You can check the state with
     * {@link Channel#isWritable()}.
     */
    void channelWritabilityChanged(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Gets called if a {@link Throwable} was thrown.
     */
    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
    void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception;
}

当某个ChannelInboundHandler的实现重写channelRead()方法时，它将负责显式地释放与池化ByteBuf实例相关的内存，Netty为此提供了一个实用方法ReferenceCountUtil.release()。

@ChannelHandler.Sharable
//扩展了ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter
public class DiscardHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter{

    @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
        //丢弃已接收的消息
        ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
    }
}

当你不想处理这些释放资源等操作的话，Netty提供了SimpleChannelInboundHandler会自动释放资源，因此无需显式释放，代码如下：

public class MySimpleHandler
    extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<Object> {
    @Override
    public void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx,
        Object msg) {
            // No need to do anything special
    }
}

为了更好地理解，我们看看SimpleChannelInboundHandler的源码，从中可以看到，它已经帮我们释放资源 了的，我们只需要实现channelRead0方法，在channelRead0()处理我们的业务逻辑即可。

public abstract class SimpleChannelInboundHandler<I> extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
//省略了很多代码。。。。。。
  @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
        boolean release = true;
        try {
            if (acceptInboundMessage(msg)) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                I imsg = (I) msg;
                channelRead0(ctx, imsg);
            } else {
                release = false;
                ctx.fireChannelRead(msg);
            }
        } finally {
            if (autoRelease && release) {
                ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
            }
        }
    }
//省略了很多代码。。。。。。

    protected abstract void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, I msg) throws Exception;

}

ChannelHandler之ChannelOutboundHandler

出站操作和数据将由ChannelOutboundHandler处理，它的方法将被Channel、ChannelPipeline以及ChannelHandlerContext调用。

ChannelOutboundHandler的一个强大的功能是可以按需推迟操作或者事件，这使得可以通过一些复杂的方法来处理请求。例如，如果到远程节点的写入被暂停了，那么你可以推迟冲刷并在稍后继续。

ChannelPromise与ChannelFuture ：
ChannelOutboundHandler中的大部分方法都需要一个ChannelPromise参数，以便在操作完成时得到通知。ChannelPromise是ChannelFuture的一个子类，其定义了一些可写的方法，如setSuccess()和setFailure()，从而使ChannelFuture不可变。

ChannelOutboundHandler源码如下：

/**
 * {@link ChannelHandler} which will get notified for IO-outbound-operations.
 */
public interface ChannelOutboundHandler extends ChannelHandler {
    /**
     * Called once a bind operation is made.
     *
     * @param ctx           the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} for which the bind operation is made
     * @param localAddress  the {@link SocketAddress} to which it should bound
     * @param promise       the {@link ChannelPromise} to notify once the operation completes
     * @throws Exception    thrown if an error occurs
     */
    void bind(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, SocketAddress localAddress, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Called once a connect operation is made.
     *
     * @param ctx               the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} for which the connect operation is made
     * @param remoteAddress     the {@link SocketAddress} to which it should connect
     * @param localAddress      the {@link SocketAddress} which is used as source on connect
     * @param promise           the {@link ChannelPromise} to notify once the operation completes
     * @throws Exception        thrown if an error occurs
     */
    void connect(
            ChannelHandlerContext ctx, SocketAddress remoteAddress,
            SocketAddress localAddress, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Called once a disconnect operation is made.
     *
     * @param ctx               the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} for which the disconnect operation is made
     * @param promise           the {@link ChannelPromise} to notify once the operation completes
     * @throws Exception        thrown if an error occurs
     */
    void disconnect(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Called once a close operation is made.
     *
     * @param ctx               the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} for which the close operation is made
     * @param promise           the {@link ChannelPromise} to notify once the operation completes
     * @throws Exception        thrown if an error occurs
     */
    void close(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Called once a deregister operation is made from the current registered {@link EventLoop}.
     *
     * @param ctx               the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} for which the close operation is made
     * @param promise           the {@link ChannelPromise} to notify once the operation completes
     * @throws Exception        thrown if an error occurs
     */
    void deregister(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Intercepts {@link ChannelHandlerContext#read()}.
     */
    void read(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;

    /**
    * Called once a write operation is made. The write operation will write the messages through the
     * {@link ChannelPipeline}. Those are then ready to be flushed to the actual {@link Channel} once
     * {@link Channel#flush()} is called
     *
     * @param ctx               the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} for which the write operation is made
     * @param msg               the message to write
     * @param promise           the {@link ChannelPromise} to notify once the operation completes
     * @throws Exception        thrown if an error occurs
     */
    void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Called once a flush operation is made. The flush operation will try to flush out all previous written messages
     * that are pending.
     *
     * @param ctx               the {@link ChannelHandlerContext} for which the flush operation is made
     * @throws Exception        thrown if an error occurs
     */
    void flush(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception;
}

ChannelPipeline接口

如果将ChannelPipeline视为ChannelHandler实例链，可拦截流经通道的入站和出站事件，即可明白ChannelHandler之间的交互是如何构成应用程序数据和事件处理逻辑的核心的。当创建一个新的Channel时，都会分配了一个新的ChannelPipeline，该关联是永久的，该通道既不能附加另一个ChannelPipeline也不能分离当前的ChannelPipeline。

一个事件要么被ChannelInboundHander处理，要么被ChannelOutboundHandler处理，随后，它将通过调用ChannelHandlerContext的实现来将事件转发至同一超类型的下一个处理器。ChannelHandlerContext允许ChannelHandler与其ChannelPipeline和其他ChannelHandler进行交互，一个处理器可以通知ChannelPipeline中的下一个处理器，甚至可以修改器隶属于的ChannelPipeline。

下图展示了ChannelHandlerPipeline、ChannelInboundHandler和ChannelOutboundHandler之间的关系

可以看到ChannelPipeline是由一系列ChannelHandlers组成，其还提供了通过自身传播事件的方法，当进站事件触发时，其从ChannelPipeline的头部传递到尾部，而出站事件会从右边传递到左边。

当管道传播事件时，其会确定下一个ChannelHandler的类型是否与移动方向匹配，若不匹配，则会跳过并寻找下一个，直至找到相匹配的ChannelHandler（一个处理器可以会同时实现ChannelInboundHandler和ChannelOutboundHandler）。

ChannelHandlerContext接口

ChannelHandlerContext代表了ChannelHandler与ChannelPipeline之间的关联，当ChannelHandler被添加至ChannelPipeline中时其被创建，ChannelHandlerContext的主要功能是管理相关ChannelHandler与同一ChannelPipeline中的其他ChannelHandler的交互。

ChannelHandlerContext中存在很多方法，其中一些也存在于ChannelHandler和ChannelPipeline中，但是差别很大。如果在ChannelHandler或者ChannelPipeline中调用该方法，它们将在整个管道中传播，而如果在ChannelHandlerContext中调用方法，那么会仅仅传递至下个能处理该事件的ChannelHandler。

问题：ChannelPipeline在哪里创建的呢？

通过上图我们可以看到，一个Channel包含了一个ChannelPipeline，而ChannelPipeline中又维护了一个由ChannelHandlerContext组成的双向链表。这个链表的头是HeadContext，链表的尾是TailContext，并且每个ChannelHandlerContext中又关联着一个ChannelHandler。

前面已经知道了一个Channel的初始化的基本过程，下面再回顾一下
下面的代码是AbstractChannel构造器

protected AbstractChannel(Channel parent) {
    this.parent = parent;
    unsafe = newUnsafe();
    pipeline = new DefaultChannelPipeline(this);
}

AbstractChannel有一个pipeline字段，在构造器中会初始化它为DefaultChannelPipeline的实例，这里的代码就印证了一点：每个Channel都有一个ChannelPipeline

总结

主要介绍ChannelPipeline和ChannelHandler基本概念以及在netty中的作用。
有点类似于加工厂的流水线Channel。
ChannelPipeline相当于流水线的传送带
ChannelHandler流水线上的每个步骤工人
ChannelHandlerContext就是待加工的产品

这条流水线有个特点是双向的。

参考文章

Netty实战.pdf
https://www.cnblogs.com/leesf456/p/6901189.html
https://www.jianshu.com/p/33311b4cab30
https://www.jianshu.com/u/fc9c660e9843

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