R语言中的函数6：grep()和grepl()，sub()和gsub()

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已于 2023-04-03 12:39:06 修改

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分类专栏： # R语言中的函数文章标签： r语言 perl 开发语言

于 2022-03-13 22:24:59 首次发布

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本文介绍了R语言中用于字符串搜索和替换的grep、grepl、sub及gsub函数。grep和grepl分别用于查找字符串向量中包含特定子串的元素，返回索引或逻辑值；grep支持正则表达式，grepl提供布尔判断。sub和gsub则用于替换字符串中首次或所有出现的目标子串，提供了灵活的匹配和替换选项。通过实例展示了如何使用这些函数进行字符串操作。

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`grep()`和`grepl()` 函数介绍

grep()和grepl()是用来查找目标字符串或字符串向量中是否包含目标子串。grep()返回的是整数索引，grepl()返回的是布尔值索引。

用法

grep(pattern, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, value = FALSE,  fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE, invert = FALSE)

grepl(pattern, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)

参数介绍：

pattern
character string containing a regular expression (or character string for fixed = TRUE) to be matched in the given character vector. Coerced by as.character to a character string if possible. If a character vector of length 2 or more is supplied, the first element is used with a warning. Missing values are allowed except for regexpr, gregexpr and regexec.

x, text
a character vector where matches are sought, or an object which can be coerced by as.character to a character vector. Long vectors are supported.

ignore.case
if FALSE, the pattern matching is case sensitive and if TRUE, case is ignored during matching.

perl
logical. Should Perl-compatible regexps be used?

value
if FALSE, a vector containing the (integer) indices of the matches determined by grep is returned, and if TRUE, a vector containing the matching elements themselves is returned.

fixed
logical. If TRUE, pattern is a string to be matched as is. Overrides all conflicting arguments.

useBytes
logical. If TRUE the matching is done byte-by-byte rather than character-by-character. See ‘Details’.

invert
logical. If TRUE return indices or values for elements that do not match.

实例

#创建一个字符串向量
x <- c("d", "a", "c", "abba")  
#查找包含a的元素所在的位置
grep("a", x)  
# [1] 2 4

#判断每个元素是否包含a，返回的是逻辑向量
grepl("a", x)   
# [1] FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE

#同时匹配多个内容，查找包含a或者c的元素所在的位置
grep("a|c", x)
# [1] 2 3 4

#同时匹配多个内容，判断每个元素是否包含a或者c，返回的是逻辑向量
grepl("a|c", x)
# [1] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE

`sub()`和`gsub()`函数介绍

sub(pattern, replacement, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE,
    fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)

gsub(pattern, replacement, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE,
     fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)

实例

sub(pattern = 'a',replacement = 'QQ',c('a','b','aa'))
# [1] "QQ"  "b"   "QQa"

> gsub(pattern = 'a',replacement = 'QQ',c('a','b','aa'))
# [1] "QQ"   "b"    "QQQQ"