R语言中的函数12：with()和by()

with(data, expr, …)

该函数表示，利用data数据框中的数据，进行expr中代码的运算

实例

a='out'
df=data.frame(x=c(1,2,3),y=c(5,6,8))
with(df,
     {a=x+y
     b=x-y
     print(a)
     }
)
# [1]  6  8 11
a
# [1] "out"

注意，expr中的变量是局部变量。

by(data, INDICES, FUN, …, simplify = TRUE)

该函数表示根据indices的分类对data中的数据使用fun进行处理。data可以是一个数据框，矩阵或者list.

实例

df=data.frame(x=c(1,2,3,5,6),y=c(1,2,5,6,8),id=c('a','a','b','b','c'))
by(df,df$id,summary)
# df$id: a
# x              y             id           
# Min.   :1.00   Min.   :1.00   Length:2          
# 1st Qu.:1.25   1st Qu.:1.25   Class :character  
# Median :1.50   Median :1.50   Mode  :character  
# Mean   :1.50   Mean   :1.50                     
# 3rd Qu.:1.75   3rd Qu.:1.75                     
# Max.   :2.00   Max.   :2.00                     
# --------------------------------------------------------- 
#   df$id: b
# x             y             id           
# Min.   :3.0   Min.   :5.00   Length:2          
# 1st Qu.:3.5   1st Qu.:5.25   Class :character  
# Median :4.0   Median :5.50   Mode  :character  
# Mean   :4.0   Mean   :5.50                     
# 3rd Qu.:4.5   3rd Qu.:5.75                     
# Max.   :5.0   Max.   :6.00                     
# --------------------------------------------------------- 
#   df$id: c
# x           y          id           
# Min.   :6   Min.   :8   Length:1          
# 1st Qu.:6   1st Qu.:8   Class :character  
# Median :6   Median :8   Mode  :character  
# Mean   :6   Mean   :8                     
# 3rd Qu.:6   3rd Qu.:8                     
# Max.   :6   Max.   :8       

df=data.frame(id=c('a','b','c','c'),x=c(1,5,4,7))
Mean=by(df$x,df$id,mean)
Med=by(df$x,df$id,median)
df2=rbind(Mean,Med)
df2
#      a b   c
# Mean 1 5 5.5
# Med  1 5 5.5