Oracle 相关概念

这篇主要是为了记录在学习的过程中的一些oracle 的概念，以备以后查询温习之用，不定时更新，大家一起加油哦！

1.schema object 方案对象

One characteristic of an RDBMS is the independence of physical data storage from 
logical data structures. In Oracle Database, a database schema is a collection of logical 
data structures, or schema objects. A database schema is owned by a database user 
and has the same name as the user name.
Schema objects are user-created structures that directly refer to the data in the 
database. The database supports many types of schema objects, the most important of 
which are tables and indexes.
A schema object is one type of database object. Some database objects, such as profiles 
and roles, do not reside in schemas.


2.Data Concurrency 数据并发
A requirement of a multiuser RDBMS is the control of concurrency, which is the 
simultaneous access of the same data by multiple users. Without concurrency controls, 
users could change data improperly, compromising data integrity. For example, one 
user could update a row while a different user simultaneously updates it.
If multiple users access the same data, then one way of managing concurrency is to 
make users wait. However, the goal of a DBMS is to reduce wait time so it is either 
nonexistent or negligible. All SQL statements that modify data must proceed with as 
little interference as possible. Destructive interactions, which are interactions that 
incorrectly update data or alter underlying data structures, must be avoided. 
Oracle Database uses locks to control concurrent access to data. A lock is a mechanism 
that prevents destructive interaction between transactions accessing a shared resource. 

Locks help ensure data integrity while allowing maximum concurrent access to data

3.数据库与数据库实例的相关介绍和区别-----以下的内容真是写的太好了可以看下。

An Oracle database server consists of a database and at least one database instance 
(commonly referred to as simply an instance). Because an instance and a database are 
so closely connected, the term Oracle database is sometimes used to refer to both 
instance and database. In the strictest sense the terms have the following meanings:
■ Database
A database is a set of files, located on disk, that store data. These files can exist 
independently of a database instance.
■ Database instance
An instance is a set of memory structures that manage database files. The instance 
consists of a shared memory area, called the system global area (SGA), and a set 
of background processes. An instance can exist independently of database files.
Figure 1–1 shows a database and its instance. For each user connection to the instance, 
the application is run by a client process. Each client process is associated with its own 
server process. The server process has its own private session memory, known as the 
program global area (PGA).

A database can be considered from both a physical and logical perspective. Physical 
data is data viewable at the operating system level. For example, operating system 
utilities such as the Linux ls and ps can list database files and processes. Logical data 
such as a table is meaningful only for the database. A SQL statement can list the tables 
in an Oracle database, but an operating system utility cannot.
The database has physical structures and logical structures. Because the physical and 
logical structures are separate, the physical storage of data can be managed without 
affecting access to logical storage structures. For example, renaming a physical 
database file does not rename the tables whose data is stored in this file.