Servlet基础开发-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_19604451/article/details/129586033

文章介绍了Servlet的基本使用，包括在Maven中添加Servlet依赖和Tomcat插件，详细阐述了Servlet的三种实现方式，以及Servlet的生命周期。同时，讲解了如何处理请求参数、请求头和解决乱码问题，还提到了请求转发的方法。

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Servlet

添加依赖和插件

<dependency>
    <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
    <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
    <version>4.0.1</version>
    <scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>

<!--Tomcat插件 -->
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.maven</groupId>
    <artifactId>tomcat7-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>2.2</version>
    <configuration>
        <!--配置虚拟目录-->
        <path>/</path>
        <!--tomcat的端口号。默认是8080-->
        <port>80</port>
        <!--防止get请求时url中包含中文的乱码问题-->
        <uriEncoding>UTF-8</uriEncoding>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

执行流程
1. 通过ip和端口找到tomcat
2. 通过虚拟目录找到某一个项目
3. 通过资源路径找到某一个Servlet
4. 执行service()方法

Servlet三种实现方式

实现Servlet接口

重写Servlet的所有方法

@WebServlet("/servlet01")
public class MyServlet implements Servlet {

    @Override
    public void init(ServletConfig servletConfig) throws ServletException {

    }

    @Override
    public ServletConfig getServletConfig() {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void service(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("hello world servlet01");
    }

    @Override
    public String getServletInfo() {
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public void destroy() {

    }
}

继承GenericServlet类

重写service()方法

@WebServlet("/servlet02")
public class MyServlet02 extends GenericServlet {
    @Override
    public void service(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("hello world servlet02");
    }
}

继承HttpServlet类

重写doXXX()方法

@WebServlet("/servlet03")
public class MyServlet03 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("hello world servlet03");
    }
}

Servlet生命周期
- init():默认情况下，当Servlet第一次被请求，tomcat会自动创建实例，调用init()方法，该Servlet只创建一次
  - 可以通过loadOnStartUp属性修改默认行为
  - 大于等于0创建，当服务器启动的时候创建Servlet对象
- servie():每当tomcat接收到一个Servlet 请求，这个Servlet的service()方法就会被调用一次
- destory():当服务器把某个Servlet移除或服务器关闭时会调用destory()方法，该方法只能执行一次
urlPatterns
- 完全路径匹配
  - /xxx/YYY
  - 大小写敏感
- 目录匹配
  - /*
  - /aaa/*
- 扩展名匹配
  - *.xxx
- 缺省匹配/默认匹配
  - /
  - 如果一个路径与已知的servlet路径都不匹配，则会走默认匹配

Request&Response

体系结构

request常用API

获取请求行

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //获取请求方法
    String method = req.getMethod();
    System.out.println("获取请求方式："+method);

    //动态获取虚拟目录（主机和端口之后，参数之前的部分）
    String uri = req.getRequestURI();
    System.out.println("获取虚拟目录"+uri);

    //获取url（包含协议、主机、端口和虚拟目录）
    StringBuffer url = req.getRequestURL();
    System.out.println("获取完整url"+url);
    System.out.println(url.toString());

    //获取请求参数
    String queryString = req.getQueryString();
    System.out.println("获取所有请求参数："+queryString);

    //获取指定的请求参数
    String username = req.getParameter("username");
    System.out.println("获取指定请参数username:"+username);

    //获取请求者的ip
    String remoteAddr = req.getRemoteAddr();
    System.out.println("获取请求者的ip地址："+remoteAddr);
}

获取请求头

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //获取所有请求头字段并找到对应的值
    Enumeration<String> headerNames = req.getHeaderNames();
    while (headerNames.hasMoreElements()){
        String name = headerNames.nextElement();
        System.out.println(name+"="+req.getHeader(name));
    }
}

获取请求体

通过字节流读取

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //读取字节流读取请求体数据
    ServletInputStream is = req.getInputStream();
    int len;
    byte[] bytes=new byte[1024];
    while ((len=is.read(bytes))!=-1){
        String s = new String(bytes, 0, len);
        System.out.println(s);
    }
}

通过字符流读取

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //读取字符流读取请求体数据
    BufferedReader reader = req.getReader();
    String line;
    while ((line=reader.readLine())!=null){
        System.out.println(line);
    }
}

获取请求参数

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //获取所有参数的键值对
    Map<String, String[]> parameterMap = req.getParameterMap();
    System.out.println(parameterMap);
    //获取所有参数名数组
    Enumeration<String> parameterNames = req.getParameterNames();
    while (parameterNames.hasMoreElements()){
        System.out.println(parameterNames.nextElement());
    }
    //获取指定参数名的参数值
    String username = req.getParameter("username");
    System.out.println("username="+username);
}

解决乱码

get方式乱码
- tomcat7及以前版本，内部使用的字符集是ISO-8859-1,传入中文会出现乱码
- Maven的Tomcat插件（最高支持到tomcat7）
- 在引入插件的时候设置属性
```
<uriEncoding>UTF-8</uriEncoding>
```
```
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    String username = req.getParameter("username");
    System.out.println(username);
}
```
  [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-cYvLCB2G-1678948129129)(C:\Users\111\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20230316103150258.png)]
- 本地Tomcat
  - 可以进行手动转换
```
String str=new String(username.getBytes("ISO-8859-1"), "UTF-8")
```
  - tomcat7以后支持中文

post方式乱码

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //设置流的字符集
    req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
    BufferedReader reader = req.getReader();
    String line;
    while ((line= reader.readLine())!=null){
        System.out.println(line);
    }

请求转发

请求只转发一次
不能写虚拟目录

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //请求转发
    req.getRequestDispatcher("/servlet01").forward(req,resp);
}

可以使用request传递对象数据

是一个域对象（具备某个作用范围的对象）

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //添加
    req.setAttribute("str","Attribute");
    //请求转发
    req.getRequestDispatcher("/servlet01").forward(req,resp);
}

public void service(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //获取指定属性
    Object attribute = servletRequest.getAttribute("str");
    System.out.println(attribute.toString());
}

public void service(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse) throws ServletException, IOException {
   	//删除指定属性
    servletRequest.removeAttribute("str");
}