复用类

一、组合

package reusing;
// Constructor initialization with composition.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Soap {
  private String s;
  Soap() {
    print("Soap()");
    s = "Constructed";
  }
  public String toString() { return s; }
}   

public class Bath {
  private String // Initializing at point of definition:
    s1 = "Happy",
    s2 = "Happy",
    s3, s4;
  private Soap castille;
  private int i;
  private float toy;
  public Bath() {
    print("Inside Bath()");
    s3 = "Joy";
    toy = 3.14f;
    castille = new Soap();
  } 
  // Instance initialization:
  { i = 47; }
  public String toString() {
    if(s4 == null) // Delayed initialization:
      s4 = "Joy";
    return
      "s1 = " + s1 + "\n" +
      "s2 = " + s2 + "\n" +
      "s3 = " + s3 + "\n" +
      "s4 = " + s4 + "\n" +
      "i = " + i + "\n" +
      "toy = " + toy + "\n" +
      "castille = " + castille;
  } 
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Bath b = new Bath();
    print(b);
  }
} /* Output:
Inside Bath()
Soap()
s1 = Happy
s2 = Happy
s3 = Joy
s4 = Joy
i = 47
toy = 3.14
castille = Constructed
*///:~

---

二、继承

注意要对父类对象进行初始化。

//: reusing/Detergent.java
// Inheritance syntax & properties.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Cleanser {
  private String s = "Cleanser";
  public void append(String a) { s += a; }
  public void dilute() { append(" dilute()"); }
  public void apply() { append(" apply()"); }
  public void scrub() { append(" scrub()"); }
  public String toString() { return s; }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Cleanser x = new Cleanser();
    x.dilute(); x.apply(); x.scrub();
    print(x);
  }
}   

public class Detergent extends Cleanser {
  // Change a method:
  public void scrub() {
    append(" Detergent.scrub()");
    super.scrub(); // Call base-class version
  }
  // Add methods to the interface:
  public void foam() { append(" foam()"); }
  // Test the new class:
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Detergent x = new Detergent();
    x.dilute();
    x.apply();
    x.scrub();
    x.foam();
    print(x);
    print("Testing base class:");
    Cleanser.main(args);
  } 
} /* Output:
Cleanser dilute() apply() Detergent.scrub() scrub() foam()
Testing base class:
Cleanser dilute() apply() scrub()
*///:~

---

三、代理

是继承和组合之间的中庸之道，将一个成员对象置于要构造的类中（组合），但与此同时在新的类中暴露了该对象的所有方法（类似继承）。

//: reusing/SpaceShipDelegation.java

public class SpaceShipDelegation {
  private String name;
  private SpaceShipControls controls =
    new SpaceShipControls();
  public SpaceShipDelegation(String name) {
    this.name = name;
  }
  // Delegated methods:
  public void back(int velocity) {
    controls.back(velocity);
  }
  public void down(int velocity) {
    controls.down(velocity);
  }
  public void forward(int velocity) {
    controls.forward(velocity);
  }
  public void left(int velocity) {
    controls.left(velocity);
  }
  public void right(int velocity) {
    controls.right(velocity);
  }
  public void turboBoost() {
    controls.turboBoost();
  }
  public void up(int velocity) {
    controls.up(velocity);
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    SpaceShipDelegation protector =
      new SpaceShipDelegation("NSEA Protector");
    protector.forward(100);
  }
} ///:~

---

四、结合使用继承和组合

确保正确清理

除了内存以外，不要信任垃圾回收器和finalize()方法。

//: reusing/CADSystem.java
// Ensuring proper cleanup.
package reusing;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Shape {
  Shape(int i) { print("Shape constructor"); }
  void dispose() { print("Shape dispose"); }
}

class Circle extends Shape {
  Circle(int i) {
    super(i);
    print("Drawing Circle");
  }
  void dispose() {
    print("Erasing Circle");
    super.dispose();
  }
}

class Triangle extends Shape {
  Triangle(int i) {
    super(i);
    print("Drawing Triangle");
  }
  void dispose() {
    print("Erasing Triangle");
    super.dispose();
  }
}

class Line extends Shape {
  private int start, end;
  Line(int start, int end) {
    super(start);
    this.start = start;
    this.end = end;
    print("Drawing Line: " + start + ", " + end);
  }
  void dispose() {
    print("Erasing Line: " + start + ", " + end);
    super.dispose();
  }
}

public class CADSystem extends Shape {
  private Circle c;
  private Triangle t;
  private Line[] lines = new Line[3];
  public CADSystem(int i) {
    super(i + 1);
    for(int j = 0; j < lines.length; j++)
      lines[j] = new Line(j, j*j);
    c = new Circle(1);
    t = new Triangle(1);
    print("Combined constructor");
  }
  public void dispose() {
    print("CADSystem.dispose()");
    // The order of cleanup is the reverse
    // of the order of initialization:
    t.dispose();
    c.dispose();
    for(int i = lines.length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
      lines[i].dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CADSystem x = new CADSystem(47);
    try {
      // Code and exception handling...
    } finally {
      x.dispose();
    }
  }
} /* Output:
Shape constructor
Shape constructor
Drawing Line: 0, 0
Shape constructor
Drawing Line: 1, 1
Shape constructor
Drawing Line: 2, 4
Shape constructor
Drawing Circle
Shape constructor
Drawing Triangle
Combined constructor
CADSystem.dispose()
Erasing Triangle
Shape dispose
Erasing Circle
Shape dispose
Erasing Line: 2, 4
Shape dispose
Erasing Line: 1, 1
Shape dispose
Erasing Line: 0, 0
Shape dispose
Shape dispose
*///:~

---

五、向上转型

//: reusing/Wind.java
// Inheritance & upcasting.

class Instrument {
  public void play() {}
  static void tune(Instrument i) {
    // ...
    i.play();
  }
}

// Wind objects are instruments
// because they have the same interface:
public class Wind extends Instrument {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Wind flute = new Wind();
    Instrument.tune(flute); // Upcasting
  }
} ///:~

组合和继承的选择：是否用到向上转型？
组合一般是将现有类型作为新类型底层实现的一部分加以复用，而继承复用的是接口。

---

六、初始化及类的加载

//: reusing/Beetle.java
// The full process of initialization.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Insect {
  private int i = 9;
  protected int j;
  Insect() {
    print("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
    j = 39;
  }
  private static int x1 =
    printInit("static Insect.x1 initialized");
  static int printInit(String s) {
    print(s);
    return 47;
  }
}

public class Beetle extends Insect {
  private int k = printInit("Beetle.k initialized");
  public Beetle() {
    print("k = " + k);
    print("j = " + j);
  }
  private static int x2 =
    printInit("static Beetle.x2 initialized");
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    print("Beetle constructor");
    Beetle b = new Beetle();
  }
} /* Output:
static Insect.x1 initialized
static Beetle.x2 initialized
Beetle constructor
i = 9, j = 0
Beetle.k initialized
k = 47
j = 39
*///:~