多态

//: polymorphism/music/Note.java
// Notes to play on musical instruments.
package polymorphism.music;

public enum Note {
    MIDDLE_C, C_SHARP, B_FLAT; // Etc.
} ///:~

//: polymorphism/music/Instrument.java
package polymorphism.music;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Instrument {
  public void play(Note n) {
    print("Instrument.play()");
  }
}
 ///:~

//: polymorphism/music/Wind.java
package polymorphism.music;

// Wind objects are instruments
// because they have the same interface:
public class Wind extends Instrument {
  // Redefine interface method:
  public void play(Note n) {
    System.out.println("Wind.play() " + n);
  }
} ///:~

//: polymorphism/music/Music.java
// Inheritance & upcasting.
package polymorphism.music;

public class Music {
  public static void tune(Instrument i) {
    // ...
    i.play(Note.MIDDLE_C);
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Wind flute = new Wind();
    tune(flute); // Upcasting
  }
} /* Output:
Wind.play() MIDDLE_C
*///:~

一、方法调用绑定

将一个方法调用与方法主体关联起来叫做绑定。

前期绑定：在程序执行前进行绑定（由编译器和连接程序实现）。
后期绑定：在运行时根据对象的类型进行绑定。也称作动态绑定或运行时绑定。

私有方法不能被继承，也就无法被复写。

---

二、构造器和多态

构造器的调用顺序

//: polymorphism/Sandwich.java
// Order of constructor calls.
package polymorphism;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Meal {
  Meal() { print("Meal()"); }
}

class Bread {
  Bread() { print("Bread()"); }
}

class Cheese {
  Cheese() { print("Cheese()"); }
}

class Lettuce {
  Lettuce() { print("Lettuce()"); }
}

class Lunch extends Meal {
  Lunch() { print("Lunch()"); }
}

class PortableLunch extends Lunch {
  PortableLunch() { print("PortableLunch()");}
}

public class Sandwich extends PortableLunch {
  private Bread b = new Bread();
  private Cheese c = new Cheese();
  private Lettuce l = new Lettuce();
  public Sandwich() { print("Sandwich()"); }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    new Sandwich();
  }
} /* Output:
Meal()
Lunch()
PortableLunch()
Bread()
Cheese()
Lettuce()
Sandwich()
*///:~

//: polymorphism/Sandwich.java
// Order of constructor calls.
package polymorphism;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Meal {
  private Bread bread = new Bread();
  {
      print("Meal构造代码块");
  }
  static {
      print("Meal静态代码块");
  }
  Meal() { print("Meal()"); }
}

class Bread {
  Bread() { print("Bread()"); }
}

class Cheese {
  Cheese() { print("Cheese()"); }
}

class Lettuce {
  Lettuce() { print("Lettuce()"); }
}

class Lunch extends Meal {
  Lunch() { print("Lunch()"); }
}

class PortableLunch extends Lunch {
  PortableLunch() { print("PortableLunch()");}
}

public class Sandwich extends PortableLunch {
  private Bread b = new Bread();
  private Cheese c = new Cheese();
  private Lettuce l = new Lettuce();
  {
      print("构造代码块");
  }
  static {
      print("静态代码块");
  }
  public Sandwich() { print("Sandwich()"); }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    new Sandwich();
  }
} /* Output:
Meal静态代码块
静态代码块
Bread()
Meal构造代码块
Meal()
Lunch()
PortableLunch()
Bread()
Cheese()
Lettuce()
构造代码块
Sandwich()
*///:~
当存在继承关系时：
父类静态代码块->子类静态代码块->父类成员变量的初始化->父类构造代码块->父类构造函数->子类成员变量默认初始化->子类成员变量显示初始化->子类构造代码块->子类构造函数

继承与清理